<p>The Reginald A. Fessenden House is a historic house in the village of Chestnut Hill in Newton, Massachusetts. It was the residence from 1919 to his death in 1932 of the inventor Reginald A. Fessenden , called "the father of radio broadcasting," because he was the first to broadcast the human voice and music by radio. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 in recognition of Fessenden&#39;s accomplishments.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Fessenden House is an architecturally undistinguished three story brick building, with a stuccoed exterior and a tile roof. It has vernacular styling that includes a hooded entry, large central chimney, and a generally asymmetrical massing. The interior follows a fairly typical central hall plan. Both the exterior and interior of the house are relatively unaltered since Fessenden&#39;s ownership; the only notable alteration is the addition of awnings on some of the east-facing windows.</p><br>
<p>Reginald A. Fessenden was born in Quebec in 1866, and entered Bishop&#39;s University as a precocious young mathematical prodigy, but left in 1884 without graduating. In 1886, he took a position at the Edison Machine Works, working for inventor Thomas Edison. During an academic period teaching at Purdue University and at the University of Pittsburgh, Fessenden engaged in research on the nascent subject of wireless telegraphy. Much of the rest of his life he was employed in industry, either directly or as a consultant, but was often living near poverty, and produced a stream of inventions. In 1904 he invented the rotary spark-gap transmitter, and in 1906 he built a large transmitter in Massachusetts from which he successfully made a voice transmission. He also discovered the means to recombine separate frequencies to form a coherent audible sound. At his death he was described by inventor and businessman Elihu Thomson as "the greatest wireless inventor of the age, greater than Marconi."</p><br>
<p>Fessenden purchased the Newton house in 1919, and it was his home until his death in 1932. Although he spent most of later years in Bermuda, this house is the place with the longest-lasting association with his life in the United States. It is still a private home and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark on January 7, 1976, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in recognition that it is one of the few places with a long-term association with Fessenden.</p><br>
<p>The 1790 House, also called the Joseph Bartlett House or the Bartlett–Wheeler House, is a historic house located at 827 Main Street, Woburn, Massachusetts, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is close to the Baldwin House, with the Middlesex Canal running between them.</p><br>
<p>The 1790 House, originally on Main Street, has been moved closer to the canal to make room for a hotel. It now faces more south than its original facing of southwest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Federal style house was originally built in 1790 on the banks of the Middlesex Canal, for Woburn lawyer Joseph Bartlett. Shortly before completion it was purchased by Col. Loammi Baldwin, noted engineer, who hoped to convince expatriate scientist and inventor Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, to return to his home town. Although this idea never came to fruition, author Frances Parkinson Keyes, who later spent childhood summers in the home, refers to it repeatedly in her memoirs as the Count Rumford House. The house also features in her autobiography, Roses in December.</p><br>
<p>In 1815 Hall Jackson Kelley conducted a private school for boys in the house, and there he first read the newly published Journals of Lewis and Clark. Kelley conceived a passion for the Pacific Northwest and became the prime advocate of the United States settlement of Oregon. He then migrated west to become a legendary "mountain man" and explorer.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by the BNMC MA Realty LLC in March 2014. Previously, the house was owned by Woburn Daily Times Inc since 1981 and is currently used as office space. Before that it was owned by the North Congregational Church of Woburn, and used as a Sunday School.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The structure stands two stories tall beneath a hip roof, seven bays wide and four bays deep. It is of frame construction covered with clapboard, except at the front where it is imitation ashlar; wood quoins ornament its corners. A two tier Doric porch projects from the front facade, with single-story Tuscan pillars supporting the porch, and two-story Doric pillars at the corners. The upper level has a balustrade with Chinese railings. The two sides and rear also contain entrances, and the rear facade was once graced with a large Palladian window. (As of 2005, the rear facade seems to have been obliterated in a large-scale extension to the building.) There are two interior end chimneys.</p><br>
<p>At one time there was a large barn filled with old books behind the building; this was torn down in the late 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial preserves the home of Tadeusz  Kościuszko at 301 Pine Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The life and work of the Polish patriot and hero of the American Revolution are commemorated here.</p><br>
<p>Kosciuszko returned to the United States in August 1797 to a heros welcome after his wounding, capture, imprisonment, and banishment from his native Poland, which was partitioned by three neighbouring powers. Kosciuszkos secretary, Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, having been instructed to find "a dwelling as small, as remote, and as cheap" as possible, chose Mrs. Ann Relf&#39;s boarding house at the corner of 3rd and Pine Streets in Society Hill. Here, where Kosciuszko recuperated from his wounds while rarely leaving the house, he was visited by numerous luminaries of the day, including Vice President Thomas Jefferson, architect Benjamin Latrobe, Supreme Court Justice William Paterson, Chief Little Turtle of the Miami people, and Chief Joseph Brant of the Mohawk nation. He returned to Europe the following June to support the restoration of a divided Poland.</p><br>
<p>The home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1970. The national memorial was authorized on October 21, 1972. It is administered under Independence National Historical Park but is counted as a separate unit of the National Park System. At 0.02 acre, the memorial is America&#39;s smallest unit of the National Park System.</p><br>
<p>The second floor bedroom where Kosciuszko stayed has been restored to how it may have looked during his residence. The site is open for tours on Saturdays and Sundays from 12:00 noon to 4:00 p.m., April through October. Admission is free.</p><br>
<p>Union Station describes two distinct, defunct train stations in Providence, Rhode Island. Parts of the latter one were renovated and the building contains offices and restaurants.</p><br>
<h2>Union Station (1847&ndash;1887)</h2><br>
<p>The original Union Station was Providence&#39;s first, opening in 1848 to accommodate the needs of the newly thriving city. This building was designed by 21 year old Rhode Island architect, Thomas Alexander Tefft in the Lombard Romanesque style. Construction of the station was supervised by Tallman & Bucklin. Extending 720 feet along the edge of Exchange Place, the structure was the largest railroad station in the United States the time of its construction. The building has also been dubbed longest building in the country at the time, though this assertion is disputed.</p><br>
<p>In 1885, American Architect and Building News voted the building one of the 20 best buildings in the country. 20th century architectural historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock wrote of the station, "without much question it was the finest early station in the New World."</p><br>
<p>As the city continued to grow, so too did the need for terminal space, ultimately resulting in the paving over of the remnants of the city&#39;s inland bay in 1890. The question of what to do with the now undersized station was spontaneously answered on February 21, 1896 when the building suffered a catastrophic fire that effectively gutted the structure.</p><br>
<h2>Union Station (1898&ndash;1986)</h2><br>
<p>A much larger Union Station was opened in 1898, clad in distinctive yellow brick, which the Providence Journal heralded as "a new era of history of this city". The station was designed by the firm of Stone, Carpenter & Willson, which had also designed other Providence buildings. Though rail use was expected to grow, by the 1980s rail traffic had dropped 75 percent. City planners saw the opportunity to dismantle the "Chinese Wall" of train tracks that hemmed in Providence&#39;s central business district and moved MBTA and Amtrak service to a new, smaller Providence station about a half mile north in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment (1987&ndash;Present)</h2><br>
<p>Union Station caught fire in April 1987 amidst $11 million in renovations, forcing a change of plans. Parts of the original station have now been renovated and the building contains offices and restaurants, including the Union Station Brewery.</p><br>
<p>The center-most building of Union Station now houses the Rhode Island Foundation, which leases space to The Publics Radio, RI Kids Count, and Womens Fund RI.</p><br>
<h3>Track 15 food hall</h3><br>
<p>A $23.5-million investment to develop Rhode Island&#39;s first food hall in the station was begun in 2022, by a local developer who purchased the building from The Rhode Island Foundation. The space will include a large central bar, a 10,000-square-foot outdoor event space, an entertainment space, and seating for "more than 300." A tentative opening of "late summer 2024" was announced, with a variety of local food vendors including seafood, burgers, craft beers, and Italian and Mexican cuisine.</p><br>
<p>The Stadium District is a neighborhood of the north end of Tacoma, Washington, USA. It is named after Stadium High School, a historic landmark.</p><br>
<p>The district is located between the North Slope residential neighborhood and the Stadium Business District and the Hilltop neighborhood further to the south. The area shares more in common with Tacoma&#39;s downtown owing to its urban nature and large population of apartment-dwelling working class residents. The area consists primarily of single family homes, apartment & condominium buildings, some with views of Commencement Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Old Woman&#39;s Gulch</h2><br>
<p>Old Woman&#39;s Gulch is a ravine, or system of ravines, located in the north end of Tacoma, Washington.</p><br>
<p>Originally named after the old longshoremens widows who were displaced during the construction of the sports field that gave Stadium High School its namesake, the original Old Womans Gulch is located in the Stadium District. At a later date, the name "Old Womans Gulch" was also used to describe the gulch system that runs through the entirety of the north end, including the more residential areas to the west of the Stadium District, near the Proctor District. Today, few people are aware that the ravine is known as the Old Womans Gulch, instead referring to it simply as "the gulch" or "the ravine."</p><br>
<p>The Baker Hotel is a hotel in Mineral Wells, Texas. The Baker Hotel was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origin</h3><br>
<p>The story of the Baker Hotel began in 1922, when citizens of Mineral Wells, concerned that noncitizens were profiting from the growing fame of the community&#39;s mineral water, raised $150,000 in an effort to build a large hotel facility owned by local shareholders. They solicited the services of prominent Texas hotel magnate Theodore Brasher Baker, who gained fame by designing and building such grand hotels as the Baker Hotel in Dallas and the Hotel Texas in Fort Worth, and managed the Connor Hotel in Joplin, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>Architect Wyatt C. Hedrick based the hotel design on the Arlington Hotel in Hot Springs, Arkansas, which was known for its water and baths. Construction began on the hotel in 1926, but was stopped after Mr. Baker made a trip to California, where he visited a hotel with a swimming pool, and decided the new Baker Hotel must have one in the front of the hotel. The swimming pool was placed on top of an already-completed basement, which was used as a work area for the hotel and a changing area for guests. An Olympic-sized pool to be filled with the curing mineral waters, it was the first swimming pool built at a hotel in Texas.</p><br>
<p>Construction began the following year on the grand and opulent structure, which was described by Palo Pinto County historian John Winters as a "Spanish Colonial Revival, Commercial Highrise." It would rise 14 stories over Mineral Wells, and house 450 guest rooms, two ballrooms, an in-house beauty shop, and other novelties such as a bowling alley, a gymnasium, and an outdoor swimming pool. Completed three years later with a cost of $1.2 million, the mammoth building instantly dominated the city skyline.</p><br>
<h3>The 1930s: a top-tier spa destination</h3><br>
<p>The Baker Hotel opened to the public on November 9, 1929, and celebrated with a grand-opening celebration gala two weeks later on November 22. It boasted extravagant creature comforts such as an advanced hydraulic system that circulated ice water to all 450 guest rooms, lighting and fans controlled by the door locks that shut off and on automatically when the guest left or arrived in their rooms, and a valet compartment where guests could deposit soiled laundry that was accessible by hotel staff without them ever even having to enter the guest&#39;s room.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was fully air conditioned by the 1940s, which added to its appeal as a top-notch convention attraction, offering a meeting capacity of 2,500 attendees, a remarkable number considering that Mineral Wells was home to only about 6,000 residents in 1929. Though it opened mere days after the 1929 stock market crash, the Baker enjoyed immense success throughout the 1930s, largely due to Mineral Wells&#39;s growing reputation as a top-tier health spa destination.</p><br>
<p>Several notable celebrities made the Baker a temporary home during their visits to the city&#39;s health spas; the star-studded guest list included Glenn Miller, Lawrence Welk, Clark Gable, Judy Garland, future USA President Lyndon B. Johnson, and even The Three Stooges. It is even rumored by local historians that legendary outlaws Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow may have spent a night or two at the Baker.</p><br>
<h3>The 1940s: war brings prosperity</h3><br>
<p>T.B. Baker began to suffer financial difficulties in the early 1930s, eventually declaring bankruptcy in 1934. He passed control of the Baker Hotel to his nephew Earl Baker, who had served as the hotels manager, as well as managing director of Bakers Gunter Hotel in San Antonio. Despite its owner&#39;s financial problems, the Baker Hotel continued to thrive throughout the mid-1930s.</p><br>
<p>As the decade came to a close, however, Mineral Wellss reputation as a health spa was in decline; advances in modern medication and the discovery of antibiotics such as penicillin began to lead local doctors, who had been encouraging patients to partake in the areas therapeutic waters, to invest more confidence in medicine.</p><br>
<p>Business began to suffer, until a second boom in the Baker&#39;s popularity began when Camp Wolters (the future Fort Wolters military base) opened nearby in October 1940. It was home to the largest infantry placement in World War II and the hotel enjoyed its greatest popularity and success as a result; throughout World War II, the transient and permanent population of Mineral Wells hovered near 30,000, a large number of them making their temporary homes in the Baker.</p><br>
<h3>The 1950s–1970s: decline and abandonment</h3><br>
<p>Camp Wolters was shut down in 1946, one year after World War II ended, and nearby business suffered as a result. A smaller renaissance came in 1951 when the camp was reopened as Fort Wolters, a military helicopter training base. The Baker Hotel hosted the Texas Republican Party conventions in 1952 and 1955, and the Texas Democratic Party held their convention at the Baker in 1954.</p><br>
<p>Aside from these successes, business declined steadily through the 1950s and the proverbial final nail was driven by Earl Baker himself when he announced that he would be closing the hotel after the passing of his 70th birthday in 1963. True to his word, Baker shuttered the building on April 30 of that year, bringing an end to 34 years of service to Mineral Wells and surrounding areas.</p><br>
<p>The hotel reopened two years later, in 1965, when a group of local investors leased the structure from the Baker family, but the revival was brief and marred by the death of Earl Baker of a heart attack in 1967 after he was found unconscious on the floor of the cavernous Baker Suite.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, the Baker closed its doors for the last time. Although several groups had made offers to rehabilitate the structure, the building remained abandoned until 2019, when it was announced that the Baker Hotel would finally be renovated and restored.</p><br>
<h3>2019 restoration plans</h3><br>
<p>In 2014, citizens of Mineral Wells approved a measure to allocate a portion of the city&#39;s sales tax to the renovation project that will provide up to $4 million for the $65 million project.</p><br>
<p>On June 20, 2019, the Baker was announced to have been bought by DFW-based investor Laird Fairchild along with other partners, who had secured the last of the funding needed for the restoration.</p><br>
<p>Plans were announced in August 2019 for the Baker Hotel Development Partners to purchase and reopen the Baker with a proposed renovation budget of $65 million. Plans call to enlarge the current 450 rooms and bring the total number of rooms down to 165. The second floor will still be maintained as a luxury mineral spa.</p><br>
<p>The $65 million renovation began in late 2019. In May 2021, it was announced that the Baker Hotel was expected to reopen in fall 2024.</p><br>
<p>However, in October 2022, the reopening was delayed to mid-2025, and in September 2023 it was announced that the reopening would again be delayed to spring 2026.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Baker Hotel was featured on the July 21, 2010 episode of Celebrity Ghost Stories with a story of actor Eric Balfour’s alleged paranormal experiences at the hotel. It was also featured on the December 7, 2012 episode of Ghost Adventures. The hotel was again featured on the September 10, 2016 episode of The Haunting of... Eric Balfour.</p><br>
<p>On March 25, 2022, Country Singer William Clark Green released an album "Baker Hotel".</p><br>
<p>In November 2023, the hotel was featured in a segment of Mysteries of the Abandoned, covering the history of the hotel, the lengthy time period in which it was abandoned, and what it currently looks like as renovations are ongoing.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Cove Fort is a fort, unincorporated community, and historical site located in Millard County, Utah. It was founded in 1867 by Ira Hinckley  at the request of Brigham Young. One of its distinctive features is the use of volcanic rock in the construction of the walls, rather than the wood used in many mid-19th-century western forts. This difference in construction is the reason it is one of very few forts of this period still surviving.</p><br>
<p>Cove Fort is the closest named place to the western terminus of Interstate 70, resulting in Cove Fort being listed as a control city on freeway signs, though the fort itself is historical and has no permanent population.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site for Cove Fort was selected by Brigham Young because of its location about halfway between Fillmore (formerly the capital of the Utah Territory) and the nearest city, Beaver. It provided a way station for people traveling the Mormon Road. A town would have been constructed at the Cove Fort site, but the water supply was inadequate to support a sizable population. Another key factor in the selection of the site was the prior existence of a wooden-palisade fort, Willden Fort, which provided shelter and safety for the work crews who constructed Cove Fort.</p><br>
<p>The fort is a square, 100 ft on each side. The walls are constructed of black volcanic rock and dark limestone, both quarried from the nearby mountains. The walls are 18 ft high and 4 ft thick at the base, tapering to 2 ft thick at the top. The fort has two sets of large wooden doors at the east and west ends, originally filled with sand to stop arrows and bullets, and contains 12 interior rooms (six on the north wall and six on the south wall.)</p><br>
<p>As a daily stop for two stagecoach lines, as well as many other travelers, Cove Fort was heavily used for many years, often housing and feeding up to 75 people at a time. In addition to providing a place to rest, a blacksmith/farrier resided at the fort, who shod horses and oxen, and also repaired wagon wheels. With its telegraph office and as a Pony Express stop, it also acted as a regional communications hub.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1890s, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints determined the fort was no longer required and leased it out to a number of parties, eventually selling it to W.H. Kesler in 1911. By 1903 when Kesler visited the Fort, a fire had destroy the north side rooms and parts were greatly deteriorated. The Keslers leased the Fort later that year and in the spring of 1904 moved into it with his wife Sarah to raise a their family and earn a living with cattle, horses, and cows. They slowly fixed up the fort, raised alfalfa, planted fruit trees, and rebuilt the north side rooms in 1917.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, the Hinckley family purchased the fort and donated it back to the Church. The Church restored the fort, transported Ira Hinckley&#39;s Coalville, Utah, cabin to the site, constructed a visitor center, and reopened the fort as a historic site. The site provides free guided tours daily, starting from about 8 am until one half-hour before sunset.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The first highway to traverse Cove Fort was the Arrowhead Trail, which connected Salt Lake City with Los Angeles. When the USA Highway system was formed, this route became USA Route 91, and is today Interstate 15. When the Interstate Highway System was in the planning stages, planners noted no direct connection existed between the central United States and southern California. The result to fill this gap was a new freeway that would be built west from Green River, Utah, towards Cove Fort, along a path that used to be inaccessible by paved roads. Since that time, Cove Fort has also served as the western terminus of Interstate 70.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the Federal Highway Administration was testing a new typeface, Clearview, designed to have improved readability at night with headlight illumination. One test sign was placed at Baltimore, Maryland – the eastern terminus of Interstate 70 – that listed Cove Fort as a control city with a distance of 2,200 mi. One employee stated with the number of queries the department received about Cove Fort, the test was a success. The sign became so popular that after the test was over, federal authorities made arrangements with Maryland authorities to keep the sign permanently installed. The sign prompted a series of stories about Cove Fort to be published in the Baltimore area. Since that time, a small effort has been made by people in both states to lobby the Utah Department of Transportation to reciprocate by placing a sign at Cove Fort listing the distance to Baltimore.</p><br>
<p>Hyde Park is a neighborhood and historic district in Austin, Texas. Located in Central Austin, Hyde Park is defined by 38th Street to the south, 45th Street to the north, Duval Street to the east, and Guadalupe Street to the west. It is situated just north of the University of Texas and borders the neighborhoods of Hancock and North Loop.</p><br>
<p>Hyde Park traces its origins back to 1891 and is considered to be Austins first suburb. The neighborhood was originally developed by Monroe M. Shipe in 1891 as a "White Only" streetcar suburb with a large artificial lake, but it has since become one of the most densely populated areas in the citys urban core. Part of the neighborhood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a Historic District in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Hyde Park is located in city council District 9.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Located approximately twenty blocks from Austins original town site, the area now known as Hyde Park was largely rural in character for much of the 19th century. The State Fair of Texas was held in the eastern sections of Hyde Park from 1875 until it was moved to Dallas in 1884. A portion of the State Fairs horseracing track is still reflected in the curved segment of 39th Street between Avenue F and Duval Street.</p><br>
<p>Established in 1891 by the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Land and Town Company, Hyde Park was marketed under the direction of Monroe Martin Shipe as a majority-white, affluent suburb featuring large, majestic residences, separate from the racially integrated neighborhoods of the city. Ads touted Hyde Park as “free from nuisances and an objectionable class of people, proper restrictions being taken to guard against undesirable occupants.” Critical to the suburb&#39;s success was the establishment of an electric streetcar system. After the City Council awarded Shipe a franchise in 1890, his Austin Rapid Transit Railway Company built its first line on Congress Avenue, west on Sixth Street, and north on Rio Grande Street and Old Georgetown Road (now Guadalupe Street) to Hyde Park.</p><br>
<p>Hyde Park was initially marketed to Austins elite in the 1890s, and Shipe achieved moderate success. The first houses built in the neighborhood were stylistic examples of late 19th-century domestic architecture. Many of them, such as the Oliphant-Walker House, were built in the Queen Anne style by locally prominent citizens. Noted sculptor Elisabet Ney was among the first to buy property in the area, which was heavily promoted as confirmation that Hyde Park was attractive to Austins most talented and prestigious citizens. Ney built a small castle-style studio, named Formosa, in northwest Hyde Park that is now home to the Elisabet Ney Museum.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1890s and early 1900s, however, the tone of Hyde Parks advertisements began to change. No longer was it promoted as an affluent residential area; instead, the suburb was described as an ideal place for the "working man or woman" to invest his or her earnings by purchasing a lot and building a residence. The key phrase in these promotions became affordability. Hyde Parks architectural character shifted to smaller, more modest frame houses and bungalows. While steady construction of houses characterized the area through the early 1900s, Hyde Park&#39;s greatest building boom occurred between 1924 and 1935. Shipe Park was dedicated in 1928.</p><br>
<p>Analysis of styles and dates of construction of domestic structures elucidates historic growth patterns within Hyde Park. The oldest houses are located near the State Hospital or along the former streetcar route on 40th Street. Later, as promotional emphasis shifted to a different socioeconomic group, more modest dwellings were constructed in areas somewhat removed from the streetcar line.</p><br>
<p>Today, Hyde Park consists of mostly renovated bungalow-style homes, and modern duplex-style residences, many with bright colors and unorthodox decorations, due in part to the residents preserving the city’s informal “Keep Austin Weird” slogan. All street signs in Hyde Park are dedicated to its historical identity. Many ”Austinites” consider Hyde Park Austin, TX’s most locally cultured neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Historic districts</h2><br>
<p>The Hyde Park neighborhood contains two historic districts and several other individual historic buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Hyde Park Historic District is roughly defined by West 40th Street to the south, West 45th Street to the north, Duval Street to the east, and Avenue A to the west. The district includes Victorian architecture, Tudor Revival architecture, and bungalows.</p><br>
<p>The Shadow Lawn Historic District in southeast Hyde Park is roughly bounded by 38th Street, 39th Street, Avenue G, and Duval Street. The district includes several homes of historic interest from the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<h3>Historic buildings in Hyde Park</h3><br>
<p>Blue Bonnet Court</p><br>
<p>Elisabet Ney Museum</p><br>
<p>Col. Monroe M. Shipe House</p><br>
<p>Hildreth-Flanagan-Heierman House</p><br>
<p>Frank M. and Annie G. Covert House</p><br>
<p>Page-Gilbert House</p><br>
<p>Smith-Marcuse-Lowry House</p><br>
<p>Oliphant-Walker House</p><br>
<p>Peter and Clotilde Shipe Mansbendel House</p><br>
<h2>Real Estate and Housing Market Trends</h2><br>
<p>Residential properties are the most prominent property type in Hyde Park, with single-family dwellings comprising about 95 percent of the neighborhood&#39;s built environment. Most lots within the neighborhood were improved between the late 1890s and 1935. Houses built during that period reflect the architectural tastes, trends and patterns that prevailed in Austin at the time. Bungalows are the most common house type, followed by examples of the stylistic influences of the Queen Anne and Tudor Revival styles.</p><br>
<p>As Austin grew, Hyde Park once again underwent a boom of sorts. From 2001 to 2007, the median home price rose by nearly $70,000 to $320,000. Despite the housing market crash in 2008-2009, homes regained their values and as of July 2013 the median home price was $350,000 with some properties selling for over $1.5 million.</p><br>
<p>The 1.75 acre Shipe Park is located in Hyde Park. Shipe Park has two unlighted basketball courts, one multipurpose court, two picnic tables, one playground, a 444-square-yard neighborhood swimming pool, two lighted tennis courts, and indoor toilet facilities.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Residents are served by the Austin Independent School District. Residents are assigned to Lee Elementary School, Kealing Middle School, and McCallum High School. The area is also served by Hyde Park Schools.</p><br>
<p>Sri Atmananda Memorial School, a private school, was in Hyde Park.</p><br>
<p>The Old Lake County Courthouse, also known as Lake County Courthouse, in Lakeport, California is a building built in 1870. It served Lake County as a seat of government from 1871 until 1968. Precedent-setting trials on water rights were held here, along with the "White Cap" murder trial, a notorious episode in vigilantism held here in 1890. The brick courthouse, constructed by A.P. Pettit in 1870&ndash;1871, was one of the few buildings in the vicinity to survive the 1906 San Francisco earthquake with only minor damage. It is now California Historical Landmark #897 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The county schools library was located in the basement until at least 1968. It is surrounded by a Lakeport City Park.</p><br>
<h2>Lakeport Historic Courthouse Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Lakeport Historic Courthouse Museum is located in the historic Lake County Courthouse. The museum features exhibits of local and natural history, including Pomo Indian baskets and artifacts, local rocks and minerals, early settler history, and early Lake County Courthouse history,</p><br>
<p>The Girard Public Library, a Carnegie library, was established in 1899 in Girard, Kansas, United States. The original building was constructed in 1906, at 128 West Prairie Avenue. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. It was the first free library in the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At Thanksgiving 1897, Jane Addams, founder of Hull House in Chicago, was a guest of her sister, S. Alice Haldeman, in Girard, an active worker in the Presbyterian Church. Miss Addams gave a talk at the church on "Social Settlements," and was surprised to learn at this time that Girard was without a public library, although Cherokee and Weir City had already taken such a step. In January 1898, Mrs. McKay, president of the Ladies Reading Club, appointed Mrs. Haldeman, Mrs. Griffin, Mrs. Smith, and Mrs. Wasser a committee to study the situation. A year later, January 21, 1899, representatives of the Ladies Reading Club, the Mutual Improvement Club, and the Sunflower Club met with Mrs. Haldeman and formed the Federation of City Clubs. At another meeting exactly one week later the Federation organized the Girard Library Association.</p><br>
<p>Offices were in the county courthouse until being moved to the McMillan building on the south side of the square, over E. Beadle&#39;s Store, in the spring of 1901. Mrs. Eva Mitchell was chosen as the first librarian. At that time the library had 370 books, and the librarian received 50 cents per day for keeping it open from 2 to 9 P.M. on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays. Miss Blanche Warren became librarian in December, 1901, and served until 1936, by far the longest service of anyone who has held this post.</p><br>
<p>In 1905, Lewis H. Phillips, an attorney, backed by the Commercial Club and other organizations, succeeded in obtaining $8,000 from Andrew Carnegie on the condition that the city council would pledge maintenance. The city council acted promptly, and it was said that at a population of about 2,500, Girard was the smallest city in the world to have a Carnegie Library at that time. It was also rumored that Jane Addams was a friend of Andrew Carnegie and may have had something to do with obtaining the money.</p><br>
<p>Two lots were considered for the building of the Carnegie Library. The one chosen was the Viets lot, offered by Marion Coulter, who lived across the street to the south. The price of this 100 x 95 foot lot was $500, all of which had been pledged by residents of the neighborhood. The other lot was the Wasser lot, 100 x 100, on the northeast corner of Buffalo and Osage, opposite the home of J. E. Raymond, who offered to pay for it, the cost also being $500. By a vote of 4 to 2 the board decided on the Viets lot because it was closer to the square, although inferior to the other location in some respects.</p><br>
<p>An expansion and addition to the original Carnegie building was made in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Predecessors</h2><br>
<p>Girard&#39;s Carnegie library was not the first library in the city.</p><br>
<p>In February 1870, the Crawford County Library Association met at Crawfordsville, located approximately 5 miles west of present-day Girard.</p><br>
<p>In December 1871, the Girard Literary Institute and Library Association held a meeting. In 1875, the librarian of that organization published thanks to several individuals who had made valuable donations to the library.</p><br>
<p>In 1882 there were over 500 books in the Public Library, and 95 new volumes had been ordered. Dr. G. A. Keyes was librarian, and kept the library in his office on the south side of the square, and John Randolph was president. It was open to members of the association at a cost of $1 per year. A festival was held that year for the benefit of the library. The same year mention was made of the A. O. U. W. (Ancient Order of United Workmen) Library.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 John Randolph was chairman at a meeting held in the courthouse for the purpose of considering the establishment of a free library.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 a circulating library was being established in the Veatch Music Store by two college students.</p><br>
<p>The French Quarter is a historic district and a section of downtown Charleston, South Carolina, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The area is considered to be bounded by the Cooper River on the east, Broad Street on the south, Meeting Street on the west, and Market Street on the north. The French Quarter is within the original "walled" city of Charleston. The area began being called the French Quarter in 1973 when preservation efforts began for warehouse buildings on the Lodge Alley block. The name recognizes the high concentration of French merchants in the area&#39;s history. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood was settled as part of the original Grande Modell of Charles Towne in 1680. It is famous for its art galleries; it also has many restaurants and places of commerce as well as Charleston&#39;s Waterfront Park.</p><br>
<p>Charlestons French Quarter is home to many fine historic buildings, among them, the Pink House Tavern, built around 1712, and the Old Slave Mart, built by Z.B. Oakes in 1859. Also in the French Quarter are the Dock Street Theatre, arguably the first site of theatrical productions in the United States, and the French Huguenot Church, a beautiful Gothic Revival church which houses the sole-surviving French Calvinist Congregation in the United States. St. Philips Episcopal Church, the first congregation in Charleston, whose current building dates to 1835, is also in the French Quarter. St. Philip&#39;s graveyard is the final resting place of Edward Rutledge, the youngest signer of the Declaration of Independence, and USA Senator and Vice President John C. Calhoun, whose body was exhumed during the Civil War and buried near the church in an unmarked grave. Later, after the war, his body was moved back to its original location and a memorial constructed in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Lyndhurst, also known as the Jay Gould estate, is a Gothic Revival country house that sits in its own 67 acre park beside the Hudson River in Tarrytown, New York, about a half mile south of the Tappan Zee Bridge on US 9. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home was designed in 1838 by Alexander Jackson Davis, and owned in succession by New York City mayor William Paulding Jr., merchant George Merritt, and railroad tycoon Jay Gould.</p><br>
<p>Paulding named his house "Knoll", although critics quickly dubbed it "Paulding&#39;s Folly" because of its unusual design that includes fanciful turrets and asymmetrical outline. Its limestone exterior was quarried at Sing Sing in present-day Ossining, New York.</p><br>
<p>Merritt, the houses second owner, engaged Davis as his architect, and in 1864–1865 doubled the size of the house, renaming it "Lyndenhurst" after the estates linden trees. Davis new north wing included an imposing four-story tower, a new porte-cochere (the old one was reworked as a glass-walled vestibule), a new dining room, two bedrooms and servants quarters.</p><br>
<p>Gould purchased the property in 1880 to use as a country house. He shortened its name to "Lyndhurst", which he sometimes spelled "Lindhurst", and occupied it until his death in 1892. In 1961, Gould&#39;s daughter Anna Gould donated it to the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The house is now open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Lyndhurst&#39;s rooms are strongly Gothic in character. Hallways are narrow, windows small and sharply arched, and ceilings are fantastically peaked, vaulted, and ornamented. The effect is at once gloomy, somber, and highly romantic; the large, double-height art gallery provides a contrast of light and space.</p><br>
<p>The house sits within a landscape park, designed in the English naturalistic style by Ferdinand Mangold, whom Merritt hired. Mangold drained the surrounding swamps, created lawns, planted specimen trees, and built a conservatory. The park is an outstanding example of 19th-century landscape design with a curving entrance drive that reveals "surprise" views of rolling lawns accented with shrubs and specimen trees. The 390 ft onion-domed, iron-framed, glass conservatory was one of the largest privately owned greenhouses in the United States when constructed.Great Houses of the Hudson River, Michael Middleton DwyerMichael</p><br>
<p>Dwyer, editor, with a preface by Mark Rockefeller, Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 2001.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>ABCs holiday television film The Halloween That Almost Wasnt (1979), a.k.a. The Night Dracula Saved the World, was shot here. The scenes were used as the backdrop for both Count Dracula and the Witch&#39;s castle. It later aired on the Disney Channel during its Halloween season, until the late 1990s.</p><br>
<p>From 1992 until the program changed filming locations from New York to Los Angeles in 2009, Lyndhurst served as the exterior of “Wildwind,” the home of Dimitri Marick, in establishing shots on the ABC daytime drama All My Children. Elements of Lyndhurst&#39;s interior architecture influenced the design of the Wildwind sets.</p><br>
<p>Lyndhurst was the set for the movies House of Dark Shadows (1970) and Night of Dark Shadows (1971), both based on the gothic soap opera Dark Shadows. It is also seen in Reversal of Fortune (1990) and Gloria (1999).</p><br>
<p>The History Channel&#39;s The Men Who Built America filmed at Lyndhurst in the summer of 2012.</p><br>
<p>Winter&#39;s Tale (2013) was filmed at Lyndhurst in January 2013.</p><br>
<p>Lyndhurst was featured on Season 1, Episode 3 of Travel Channel&#39;s Castle Secrets & Legends series (original airdate February 9, 2014).</p><br>
<p>Lyndhurst was also used as a filming location for ABC&#39;s Forever in 2014, using the cottage on the property for exterior shots.</p><br>
<p>Lyndhursts landscape, bowling alley, and mansion interior were used as a filming location for NBCs The Blacklist, starring James Spader.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, the Lifetime series Project Runway filmed an episode at Lyndhurst, challenging the designers to draw inspiration from the exteriors and gardens.</p><br>
<p>The 2021 and 2022 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show was held outdoors at Lyndhurst on account of concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.</p><br>
<p>Lyndhurst serves as a filming location for The Gilded Age. The mansion interior serves as the home of the character Aurora Fane and her husband, and the Lyndhurst Carriage House is the location of the New York Globe offices. Season 1 also featured the Lyndhurst grounds and greenhouse. The ferry terminal in the series&#39; premiere episode was modeled after the Lyndhurst Bowling Alley.</p><br>
<p>Arcadia, the 2014 debut album by the American singer-songwriter and producer Caroline Polachek, under the pseudonym Ramona Lisa, depicts the mansion on the album cover.</p><br>
<p>The Baldwin House, also known as the Loammi Baldwin Mansion, is a Colonial American mansion located in Woburn, Massachusetts. On October 7, 1971, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It is currently a restaurant called Sichuan Garden. There was debate about using the property as a restaurant but ultimately the plans were approved as being sufficiently respectful of the historical nature of the site.</p><br>
<p>The historic 1790 House was across the Middlesex Canal.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Baldwin House was built in 1661 by Henry Baldwin, one of Woburn&#39;s first settlers, making this building the oldest home in Woburn. In 1803 his great-grandson, noted engineer Col. Loammi Baldwin, greatly enlarged the house to its current form. (This younger Baldwin, known as the Father of American Civil Engineering, created the Middlesex Canal, and lent his name to the Baldwin apple, discovered nearby.) At that time its grounds were 212 acre in extent. On the south, between the house and the canal, was formerly a beautiful garden, with walks and trees, superior to anything in the region. All traces have long since disappeared under suburban sprawl.</p><br>
<p>All told, six generations of Baldwins lived in the house, as documented in John Farmers Genealogical Register of the First Settlers of New England: Henry Baldwin from 1661 to 1697; Henry Baldwin, son of the above; then James Baldwin; Loammi Baldwin, son of James, to 1807; he put on a third story. Benjamin F. Baldwin, 1807 to 1822; Loammi, Mary, and Clarissa Baldwin, from 1822 to 1836. George R. Baldwin from 1836 to November, 1887 (or to death, October 11, 1888.) After leaving the familys ownership it became a boarding house, within which resided Baldwin family members until the 1930s, and a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The house is nearly cubical in form, three stories tall, with false ashlar front facade and clapboarding elsewhere, full-height pilasters at the corners, and a balustrade above the eaves. The entry door is ornamented with a classic pediment and lights, and further graced by an elegant Palladian window above. In West Baldwin, Maine one can see a copy of the Baldwin house built by Loammi Baldwin for Josiah Pierce also referred to as "Baldwin house".</p><br>
<p>In 1971 the house was moved to its current site to make way for expansion of a supermarket shopping area, immediately adjacent to the Middlesex Canal, from its original location just west of Main Street at the Route 128 rotary (now commercial sprawl). Remnants of the canal can still be seen near the original home site and adjacent to the Showcase Cinemas parking lot.</p><br>
<p>Sunnyside  is a historic house on 10 acres  along the Hudson River, in Tarrytown, New York. It was the home of the American author Washington Irving, best known for his short stories, such as "Rip Van Winkle"  and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" .</p><br>
<p>This cottage-like estate, designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962, reflects Dutch Colonial Revival, Scottish Gothic, and Tudor Revival influences, with its wisteria-covered entrance and jagged crow-stepped gable.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In some sense, Sunnyside began almost 200 years before Irving with Wolfert Acker (sometimes spelled Wolfert Eckert), a Dutch-American inhabitant of the region. His property, Wolferts Roost, was part of the Manor of Philipsburg. Among other buildings, Wolferts Roost contained a simple two-room stone tenant farmhouse, built about 1650.</p><br>
<p>The property came into the hands of the Van Tassel family, who were married into the Eckert family and owned it until 1802. That year, 150 acre were deeded to the family of Benson Ferris, one-time clerk of the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow, whose wife, Maria Acker, was a descendant of Wolfert Acker&#39;s. Irving would immortalize the Van Tassel family name in his short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1820).</p><br>
<h3>Irving</h3><br>
<p>In 1832, Washington Irving visited his nephew Oscar Irving who lived near the old stone farmhouse. Irving had recently undertaken a substantial trip through the prairies of the Arkansas and Mississippi Rivers, and the frontier lifestyle made him lament his lack of a home of his own. He was also frustrated because he had lived most of his adult life as a guest in other people&#39;s homes. As Irving wrote, he was eager for a home and was "willing to pay a little unreasonably for it". Irving finally purchased the property on June 7, 1835, for $1,800; he would later, through the years, add to the property to expand the estate.</p><br>
<p>Irving wrote a story, "Wolferts Roost", about Acker and the site. In a letter to his brother Peter, he described it as "a beautiful spot, capable of being made a little paradise... I have had an architect up there, and shall build upon the old mansion this summer. My idea is to make a little nookery somewhat in the Dutch style, quaint, but unpretending. It will be of stone." Irving requested that his friend and neighbor, English-born painter George Harvey, become his aesthetic collaborator and foreman in the houses subsequent remodeling and enlargement, and the landscaping of the grounds in Romantic style, which included creating a pond Irving called "The Little Mediterranean", with a waterfall that led to a babbling serpentine brook.</p><br>
<p>The result is a "cottage" that was widely known even at the time, appearing in Harpers Weekly and in guidebooks to the area. Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. said that Sunnyside stood "next to Mount Vernon, the best known and most cherished of all the dwellings in our land." The public interest in the home, and in Irving, Americas first literary star, drew numerous visitors throughout the year, hoping to catch a glimpse of Irving working. Irvings neighbor Nathaniel Parker Willis joked, "Could not Sunny-side pay&#39; to be got ready for a boarding-house?"</p><br>
<p>In 1842, Irving accepted a nomination as Ambassador to the Court of Isabella II of Spain. He left Sunnyside in the care of his brother Ebenezer, who lived there with his four grown daughters, who supervised the running of the household. Irving wrote of his appointment, "The only drawback upon all this is the hard trial of tearing myself away from dear little Sunnyside." He returned to New York on September 19, 1846. Shortly after his return, in 1847, he added to the cottage the "Spanish Tower", influenced by Spanish monastic architecture and the Alhambra in Granada. It added four bedrooms to the house.</p><br>
<p>In his late years at Sunnyside, Irving completed what he considered his "crowning effort", a five-volume biography of his namesake, George Washington, which the author completed only weeks before his death. Irving died of a heart attack in his bedroom at Sunnyside on November 28, 1859, at age 76.</p><br>
<h3>Name</h3><br>
<p>According to historical linguist Laura Wright in her book Sunnyside: A Sociolinguistic History of British House Names (2020), Irving came across the name "Sunnyside" on an 1816 visit to Sir Walter Scott&#39;s castle Abbotsford. Nearby there was a farm on a hill called "Sunnyside".</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Irving family continued to inhabit the cottage until 1945, when Louis Irving sold it to John D. Rockefeller Jr., who purchased it as part of his efforts in historic preservation. It was restored &ndash; including tearing down a Victorian style northern addition &ndash; and was opened to the public in 1947.</p><br>
<p>Sunnyside is now operated as a museum by Historic Hudson Valley, which charges an admission fee. Tours are led by guides in period costume. The museum contains a large collection of Irvings original furnishings and accessories; in particular, all furniture and most accessories in his writers study are original. The study, dining room, parlor, kitchen, as well as most bedrooms, are open to the public and contain many of the original furnishings owned by the Irving family, with some period-appropriate furnishings from other sources.</p><br>
<p>Sunnyside was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962.</p><br>
<h2>Other sites</h2><br>
<p>There is a partial replica of Sunnyside in the Washington Irving Memorial Park and Arboretum in Bixby, Oklahoma, with a statue of Irving seated on the side porch.</p><br>
<p>A replica of the house stands at Liberty Square at The Walt Disney World Resort&#39;s Magic Kingdom; the building serves as a quick service restaurant.</p><br>
<p>Pigtown is a neighborhood in the southwest area of Baltimore, bordered by Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard to the east, Monroe Street to the west, Russell Street to the south, and West Pratt Street to the north. The neighborhood acquired its name during the second half of the 19th century, when the area was the site of butcher shops and meat packing plants to process pigs transported from the Midwest on the B&O Railroad; they were herded across Ostend and Cross Streets to be slaughtered and processed.</p><br>
<p>Pigtown&#39;s annual festival famously features a pig race, "The Squeakness", to commemorate its history.</p><br>
<p>Pigtown has long been considered one of Baltimore&#39;s most promising neighborhoods due to its proximity to the I-95 corridor, the University of Maryland Medical Center, Camden Yards, Ravens Stadium, the Inner Harbor, and Downtown Baltimore. New developments on the eastern edge of the neighborhood of luxury townhomes were stalled after the 2008 market crash but eventually resumed and have continued into 2016. Other parts of the neighborhood contain classic Baltimore-style rowhouses, often with 1950s-era formstone facades on brick fronts.</p><br>
<p>Pigtown has a relatively diverse population, which, besides its longtime residents, includes a sizeable graduate student population. Because of its proximity to Interstate 95, the Baltimore-Washington Parkway, MARC&#39;s Camden Station, and its low housing costs, Pigtown also has a great number of commuters to Washington, D.C., and Fort George G. Meade. The legendary baseball player Babe Ruth was born and raised in Pigtown.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area where Pigtown is now located was originally part of the Mount Clare plantation, a 2,368-acre estate owned by Dr. Charles Carroll in the 18th century. Carroll built one of Maryland&#39;s first iron foundries on the property, which operated the largest pig iron furnace in the colonies prior to the American Revolution. Dr. Carroll was a cousin of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who signed the Declaration of Independence.</p><br>
<p>In 1827, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was founded in Baltimore. Ground was broken on the Mount Clare property in 1828, with the first stone laid by Charles Carroll of Carrollton, at the age of 90. Initially providing service between Baltimore and Ellicott Mills (now Ellicott City, Maryland), the railroad began operating along West Pratt Street on May 22, 1830. The horsedrawn cars of the early B&O Railroad were the nation&#39;s first regular passenger rail.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the first houses to the north and south of the railroad yards began in 1833. A community of railroad workers grew along Columbia Avenue (now Washington Boulevard) in the 1840s, followed by industrial development in the 1850s and 1860s. Slaughter houses located near the railroad yards earned the area its name as Pigtown as workers herded pigs for slaughter and processing to shops and packing plants across the streets from the rail cars.</p><br>
<p>Although official records have identified the neighborhood as Washington Village at various points since the 1970s, it has been consistently labeled as Pigtown since 2006 at the insistence of community groups such as Southwest Community Council, Inc.</p><br>
<h2>Historic landmarks</h2><br>
<p>Pigtown has several historic landmarks, including some national landmarks. Patricks of Pratt Street, which had operated at 934 West Pratt Street for nearly 170 years, claimed to be "Americas Oldest Irish Pub". The pub closed in 2016 after being founded and run by the same family since 1847. The Bayard Station valve house at 1415 Bayard Street, built in 1885 by the Chesapeake Gas Company to distribute coal gas in Baltimore, now serves as home to Housewerks, an architectural salvage store. Pigtown is also home to the historic B&O Railroad Museum, which houses exhibits of historic significance to American railroading and items specific to the Pigtown community.</p><br>
<p>Mount Clare Mansion, a brick Georgian plantation house built in 1763, is the oldest remaining Colonial-era structure in Baltimore. It was purchased by the city government in 1890, along with 70 acres of land, for use as a park. Located at 1500 Washington Boulevard, the former home of Dr. Charles Carroll has been maintained as a museum by the Maryland chapter of The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America since 1917.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The blue collar culture of Pigtown began with the individuals who worked on the B&O Railroad and German immigrants who opened butcher shops in the neighborhood. Community organizations have emphasized the importance of the neighborhood&#39;s history and blue collar origin as they rebuffed attempts to rename it Washington Village.</p><br>
<p>Pigtown celebrates its culture yearly during the Pigtown Festival, which features local food, entertainment and "", a race featuring pigs. The pig race pays homage to the neighborhood&#39;s beginning with the railroad, railroad workers and German butchers.</p><br>
<p>Many white residents of Pigtown are out-migrants or descendants of out-migrants from Appalachia, particularly West Virginia and Western Maryland. Poor white Appalachian residents of Pigtown report discrimination from the police on the basis of class. Some poor white residents of Pigtown allege that while poor black people in Pigtown and the nearby neighborhood of Sandtown experience more discrimination due to the combination of racism and classism, poor whites nonetheless experience targeting and harassment from the police. According to David Simon, a police reporter from the Baltimore Sun, a nickname for Pigtown among police officers is "Billyland", derived from the term hillbilly, a derogatory term for poor white Appalachians.</p><br>
<h3>Horseshoe pit</h3><br>
<p>Since the 1970s, an empty lot at the corner of Ward and Bayard Streets has served as the community horseshoe pit. Its significance in the community is commemorated by a mural, painted on a building beside the lot, about 15 years after the first horseshoe stakes were planted there. In 2007, the 12-by-60 foot area was sold by the city government to a developer. It was repurchased by the city in 2010, and is now preserved and maintained as the community horseshoe pit by Baltimore Green Space, a local nonprofit organization. The first Annual Horseshoe Tournament at the Pit In Pigtown was held in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>The B&O Railroad Museum forms the northern boundary of Pigtown. It has the largest collection of 19th Century locomotives in the USA</p><br>
<p>Second Chance, Inc. is a 200,000 square foot store that sells reclaimed furniture and materials.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Pigtown is one of the many stops on the Gwynn Falls trail connecting more than thirty Baltimore neighborhoods. It is home to the historic Carroll Park that consists of baseball fields, football fields, basketball courts, a skate park, playgrounds, and Mount Clare. The area also consists of a multitude of warehouses and industrial areas. The community contains varying types of architecture in the neighborhood&#39;s business and residential buildings.</p><br>
<p>In its community statistical area profile for the Pigtown area, the Baltimore Neighborhood Indicators Alliance reported a population of 5,503 residents in the neighborhood, living in approximately 2,740 homes during 2010. These homes consisted of newly built town homes, older row houses, condominiums and apartments, with an average of 2.4 residents per household. By 2012, neighborhood housing was estimated to have increased to 2,760 homes. Its population mix in 2010 was estimated as 49 percent African American, 39 percent white, 5.3 percent Hispanic and 6.7 percent other, giving the area a 61.2 diversity index, well above the 54.5 citywide index. The majority (59.9 percent) of the areas population was reported in the age range of 25 to 64. Median income of $44,993 was estimated for 2010, but 30.5 percent of the areas households were under $25,000 and 25.3 percent were considered below the poverty line. Its poverty rate was significantly greater than the citywide rate of 17.7 percent.</p><br>
<p>The 50-acre community statistical area measured by the Baltimore Neighborhood Indicator&#39;s Alliance is somewhat larger than Pigtown, including the neighborhoods of Carroll Park and Barre Circle.</p><br>
<p>During 2012, the Pigtown community statistical area experienced an unemployment rate of 12.7 percent, somewhat better than the citywide rate of 13.9 percent for the year.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Eastern portions of Pigtown are within walking distance of Camden Station, served by both the Baltimore Light Rail and the MARC Camden Line. The neighborhood&#39;s proximity to Camden Station, Interstate-95 and the Baltimore-Washington Parkway, provides residents with access to important regional commuter routes.</p><br>
<p>Route 36 (MTA Maryland) provides the neighborhood with local bus service along Washington Boulevard, on its daily route between Northern Parkway (north) and Lansdowne (south).</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Three elementary schools are located in Pigtown: George Washington Elementary, Charles Carroll Barrister Elementary, and Southwest Baltimore Charter School. There are two middle schools in Pigtown: Mount Clare Christian School and Franklin Middle. No high schools are located in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, 88.87 percent of the children in Pigtown were receiving free or reduced price school lunches, and 15 percent were enrolled in special education programs. The racial composition of Pigtown students was 76.6 percent African-American, 17.2 percent white, and 2.1 percent Hispanic. Thirty-two percent of Pigtowns adult residents had a bachelors degree or higher in 2011, while another 41 percent had at least a high school diploma, but 26 percent had not completed high school.</p><br>
<h2>Crime rate</h2><br>
<p>The overall crime rate in the Pigtown community statistical area (which includes Carroll Park and Barre Circle), at 121.4 per thousand residents for the year of 2012, was markedly higher than the citywide average 61.8 per thousand, reflecting problems associated with poverty. Violent crime in Pigtown was 23.1 per thousand, while the city saw an average of 14.7 per thousand. The city had a property crime rate of 47 per thousand residents in 2012, but the rate in Pigtown hit 98.3. Juvenile arrests were at a rate of 91.7 per thousand in Pigtown, compared to the citywide rate of 79.2 in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Peter Tufts House  is a Colonial American house located in Medford, Massachusetts. It is thought to have been built between 1677 and 1678. Past historians considered it to be the oldest brick house in the United States, although that distinction belongs to Bacon&#39;s Castle, the 1665 plantation home of Virginian Arthur Allen. It is also believed to be, possibly, the oldest surviving house in the USA with a gambrel roof.</p><br>
<p>Its brick walls are 18 in thick. Its end chimneys were incorporated into the walls, which is unusual for the time and area of its construction, and its "separate flues are brought together in the gables. The steep main roof slope (51°) is truncated at the top to form</p><br>
<p>one of the earliest-known gambrel roofs."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house has been called the "fort" and the "garrison house" because of its thick walls and portholes. For many years it was believed that the house was built by Mathew Cradock, one of 35 founding members of the Massachusetts Bay Company. He reputedly owned the first wooden toll bridge in America (1632), but Cradock only owned the land and never even visited America. In 1677, Richard Russell of Charlestown sold the land with "one dwelling house and barn" to Peter Tufts of Charlestown, although a prior agreement may have been made, with Tufts Sr. likely already settled on the land.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built by Peter Tufts, who sold it to his son, Peter (Captain) Tufts Jr. in 1680. The brick mason was William Bucknam, brought over in 1632 from Chelsea, England to build the house. It is the son for whom the house is named. In 1728, the eastern side of the property was sold to Edward Oakes of Malden.</p><br>
<p>In 1887, Samuel Lawrence saved the house from demolition when he purchased it as a wedding gift for his daughter. The interior was remodeled at this time in the Colonial Revival style. Only the support beams and parts of the staircase were kept intact from the original period. Much of the exterior remains original, except the front porch was added between 1889 and 1900.</p><br>
<p>In 1892, when the City of Medford was incorporated, an image of the house was used in its city seal. The house was purchased for $9,700 by William Sumner Appleton with donations. He offered it to the Medford Historical Society, but they said they were unable to care for it at that time. In 1930, ownership was transferred to the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (now Historic New England).</p><br>
<p>In 1982, it was purchased by the Medford Historical Society and Museum. The society spent $45,000 over the decades on repairs and pressing safety issues. In 2013, the homes caretaker moved out and the house was rented on a month-to-month basis. In 2016, the Societys board voted to put the home up for sale. It went up for sale in June 2017 at a price of $657,500. It eventually sold for $562,500 in 2019 and was available to rent in 2022 at a price of $3,600 a month.</p><br>
<p>Charles Tufts (1781–1876), a descendant of Peter Tufts Sr., would later donate land in Medford for the campus of Tufts University.</p><br>
<p>The Isaac Royall House and Slave Quarters is a historic house located in Medford, Massachusetts, near Tufts University. The historic estate was founded by Bay Colony native Isaac Royall and is recognized as giving a face and life to the history and existence of slave quarters and slavery in Massachusetts. It is a National Historic Landmark, operated as a non-profit museum, and open for public visits between June 1 and the last weekend in October.</p><br>
<p>The Royall House is notable for its excellent preservation, its possession of the only surviving slave quarters in Massachusetts, and its American Revolution associations with General John Stark, Molly Stark, and General George Washington. Among the historic objects on display is a tea box, said to be from the same batch that was dumped into Boston Harbor on the night of December 16, 1773, and a very small painting by John Singleton Copley of Isaac Royall Jr. The Royalls were the largest slave-holding family in Massachusetts history.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>Governor John Winthrop received the property as a land grant in 1631, but there is no evidence that he built a house in this location. The core of the present-day mansion was built about 1692, during the ownership of Elizabeth Lidgett. It was an imposing brick structure standing 2½ stories high and one room in depth, with exceedingly thick walls. On December 26, 1732, Isaac Royall Sr., a slave trader, rum distiller, and wealthy merchant of Antigua, purchased the house and 504 acres (2 km) of land along the west bank of the Mystic River in what was then Charlestown, an area annexed to Medford in 1754. He remodeled the house extensively between 1733 and 1737, adding a third story, encasing the east facade in clapboard, and ornamenting the exterior with architectural details and continuous strips of spandrel panels. Royall also constructed outbuildings in 1732, including the only known freestanding slave quarters that survive in New England. After this construction, Royall brought 27 enslaved Africans from Antigua, which doubled the enslaved population of the community.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Isaac Royall Jr. (1719–1781) came into its possession of the property in 1739 following the death of his father. He greatly enlarged it between 1747 and 1750. He more than doubled the depth of the main building, greatly extended the brick end walls correspondingly, and at either end of the house constructed great twin chimneys connected by parapets. Other features he added include the false ashlar siding on the new western facade and great Doric pilasters inserted at the corners. The interior was redone in Georgian wooden paneling, trim, and archways of a quality possibly unsurpassed by any surviving house of the period. Several of the major rooms that survive are original. He expanded a colonial farmhouse into a three-story Georgian mansion considered one of the grandest houses of its era in North America. The construction process was largely borrowed from Caribbean construction practices.</p><br>
<p>A painting of Mary and Elizabeth Royall, the teenage daughters of Isaac Royall Jr., executed by John Singleton Copley about 1758, is in the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. A reproduction hangs in the Royall House. Copley also painted their father&#39;s portrait about 1769. An earlier family portrait from 1740 is in the Special Collections Department, Harvard Law School Library.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolution, the Royall family were Loyalists, and after British soldiers skirmished with Patriot militiamen at the battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775, the Royalls left Medford and boarded a ship in Boston. They sailed to Halifax, Nova Scotia and then to England. Isaac Royall never returned to Medford.</p><br>
<p>After the Royalls flight, the Massachusetts General Court confiscated the estate. John Stark made the Royall House his headquarters before the British evacuation of Boston on March 17, 1776. The mansion was used during the early months of the Revolution by Generals Lee, Stark, and Sullivan. George Washington, according to legend, interrogated two British soldiers in the houses Marble Chamber. The story that Molly Stark watched the movements of the British troops in their camp by the river from a lookout on the roof is undocumented.</p><br>
<p>In 1806, the estate was returned to Isaac Royalls heirs, who sold it. In accordance with Isaac Royalls will, a portion of his estate was donated to Harvard University and used to found Harvard Law School.</p><br>
<h2>Slave Quarters</h2><br>
<p>The Slave Quarters were located in Medford 35 feet from the Royall House. There were more than 60 enslaved Africans who resided there over a 40 year period.</p><br>
<p>When Sir Isaac Royall Sr. expanded the house in the 1730s, he adopted a practice from the Caribbean and built an "out kitchen," which was a detached kitchen meant to keep the heat away from the main house in the summer. In the 1760s, they added a clapboard extension which expanded the house and formed the original slave quarters.</p><br>
<p>The Slave Quarters had working and sleeping quarters, along with a summer kitchen. Today, you can take a tour of the Royall House finding a "kitchen chamber" where slaves worked and slept in a room on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>One of the enslaved women from the Royall House, Belinda Sutton, is noted for her court petitions for a pension from the estate of the Royall family. It is considered one of the earliest cases of reparations in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1898, the Sarah Bradlee Fulton Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution conceived the idea of preserving the Royall House "for the sake of its history and aesthetic value." It was restored by Joseph Everett Chandler. On Patriots&#39; Day in 1898, they opened the house to the public for a Loan Exhibition of colonial furnishings and valuable relics.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, this group of women recruited a wider group of "patriotic men and women" and formed the Royall House Association. The group&#39;s initial mission was to raise US$10,000 (~$ in ) to purchase the house, the slave quarters and three-quarters of an acre of surrounding land to be maintained as a museum, which they accomplished by April 1908.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the Royall House has undergone a number of interior and exterior restorations to its buildings and site. In 1960, the Royall House was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>In 2023, Harvard Law School and the Royall House and Slave Quarters entered a cooperation agreement, including financial support, as one initiative by the school to honor the work of enslaved people which contributed to the existence of Harvard University.</p><br>
<p>Grandfathers House, also known as the Paul Curtis House, is a historic house in Medford, Massachusetts. It is claimed to be the original house named in the American poem "Over the River and through the Wood" by Lydia Maria Child. </p><br>
<p>The house, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, is also noteworthy for being the best-preserved example of Greek Revival architecture in Medford, and for its association with Paul Curtis, a prominent local shipbuilder.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The rear portion of the modern house was built as a small farmhouse in the early 19th century. Child recalled the farmhouse when she wrote of her childhood visits to her grandfather&#39;s house in her poem, published in 1844. The house is located near the Mystic River, which is believed to be the river referred to in the poem. The referenced woods have long since been replaced by residential housing.</p><br>
<p>About 1839, Curtis greatly enlarged the house and gave it its two-story Ionic portico. In 1975, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 1976, Tufts University purchased and restored the house. In 2013 the house was sold to a developer who divided the lot the house sits on in order to build a duplex next door. In 2014 the house was again sold without its former yard to a private individual.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, ships were built across the street. A painting hung in the house shows a ship being built, with the house across the river, and Ballou Hall (the original Tufts building) on top of the hill in the distance, with no other development in between.</p><br>
<p>Massachusetts Hall is the oldest surviving building at Harvard College, the first institution of higher learning in the British colonies in America, and second-oldest academic building in the United States after the Wren Building at the College of William & Mary. The building possesses great significance in the history of American education and in the development of the Thirteen Colonies during the 18th century. The building was constructed between 1718 and 1720.</p><br>
<p>Massachusetts Hall was designed by Harvard Presidents John Leverett and his successor Benjamin Wadsworth. The building initially was a dormitory, including 32 chambers and 64 small private studies for the 64 students it was designed to house. During the Siege of Boston in the Revolutionary War, 640 American soldiers took quarters in the hall. Much of the interior woodwork and hardware, including brass doorknobs, disappeared at this time.</p><br>
<p>While designed as a residence for students, the building has served many purposes through the years. After Thomas Hollis donated a quadrant and a 24-foot telescope in 1722, for example, the building housed an informal observatory.</p><br>
<p>The president of the university, provost, treasurer, and vice presidents have offices that occupy the first two floors and half of the third. Freshmen reside in the fourth floor.</p><br>
<p>Massachusetts Hall, as Harvard&#39;s oldest extant dormitory, has housed many influential people. Founding Fathers who lived in Massachusetts Hall include John Adams, Samuel Adams, Elbridge Gerry, John Hancock, and James Otis. Members of the Wigglesworth, Weld, Thayer, Eliot, and Lowell families (among others), whose names now grace other dormitories, also lived in Massachusetts Hall. More recent notable residents of Massachusetts Hall include Alan Jay Lerner, Elliot Richardson, John Harbison, and Jeff Schaffer.</p><br>
<p>The McDonald Ranch House in the Oscura Mountains of Socorro County, New Mexico, was the location of assembly of the world&#39;s first nuclear weapon. The active components of the Trinity test "gadget", a plutonium Fat Man-type bomb similar to that later dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, were assembled there on July 13, 1945. The completed bomb was winched up the test tower the following day and detonated on July 16, 1945, as the Trinity nuclear test.</p><br>
<p>The McDonald Ranch House was built in 1913 by Franz Schmidt, a German immigrant, and acquired by the McDonald family in the 1930s. The ranch was vacated by the McDonald family under protest in 1942, when the United States Army took over the land as part of the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range to use in training bomber crews during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The family hoped that the ranch would be returned after the war, but it was not, and in 1970, the Army announced that it would be kept permanently. The McDonald Ranch House was empty and deteriorating until 1982, when it was stabilized by the Army. In 1984 it was restored by the National Park Service to appear as it did on July 12, 1945. The site is now open to visitors twice a year, on the first Saturday in April and the third Saturday in October.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The George McDonald Ranch House sits within an 85 by low stone wall. The house was built in 1913 by Franz Schmidt, a German immigrant, whose old house a mile away burned down in 1912.</p><br>
<p>The ranch house is a one-story, 1,750 ft&sup2; building. It is built of adobe, which was plastered and painted. An ice house is located on the west side, along with an underground cistern which stored rain water running off the roof. At one time, the north addition contained a toilet and bathtub, which drained into a septic tank northwest of the house. There is a large, divided water storage tank and a Chicago Aermotor windmill east of the house. The scientists and support people used the north tank as a swimming pool during the summer of 1945. South of the windmill are the remains of a bunkhouse and a barn which was part garage. Further to the east are corrals and holding pens. The buildings and fixtures east of the house have been stabilized to prevent further deterioration.</p><br>
<p>The ranch was vacated by the McDonald family under protest in 1942, when the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range took over the land to use in training bomber crews during World War II. Area lands were condemned and ranchers simply told to leave. The occupants were given the option of going to court or accepting a settlement, but had to leave in either case. The McDonalds chose to go to court, and were awarded about $60,000 for their patented land.</p><br>
<h2>Manhattan Project</h2><br>
<p>Components are loaded at the old McDonald Ranch for transport to the test site</p><br>
<p>The house stood empty until the Manhattan Project support personnel arrived in early 1945. The northeast room (the master bedroom) was designated the assembly room. Workbenches and tables were installed. To keep dust and sand out of instruments and tools, the windows were covered with plastic. Tape was used to fasten the edges of the plastic and to seal doors and cracks in the walls.</p><br>
<p>The plutonium hemispheres for the pit of the Trinity nuclear test "gadget" (bomb) were delivered to the McDonald Ranch House on July 11, 1945. Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell, the deputy director of the Manhattan Project, signed for them, and handed them over to Louis Slotin, the head of the Pit Assembly Team. The active components of the bomb were assembled in the assembly room on July 13, 1945, The bomb was winched up the test tower the following day. The Trinity test occurred on July 16, 1945. A plutonium Fat Man-type bomb was detonated, similar to the bomb later dropped on Nagasaki.</p><br>
<p>The explosion only 2 mi away blew most of the home&#39;s windows out but did not significantly damage the structure; years of rain water intrusion through the roof were responsible for decades of subsequent deterioration. The barn roof was bowed inward by the blast and some of its roofing was blown away; it collapsed some time thereafter.</p><br>
<h2>1960s–1980s</h2><br>
<p>On December 21, 1965, the Trinity Site was declared a National Historic Landmark district, and, on October 15, 1966, the McDonald House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The McDonalds had expected that the ranch would be returned after the war, but this did not occur. In the 1970s the Army announced that the land would not be returned. Dave McDonald and his niece, Mary McDonald, staged an armed reoccupation of the ranch in protest in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The house stood empty and deteriorating until 1982. White Sands Missile Range commander United States Army Major General Niles J. Fulwyler, who had directed the restoration of the White Sands V-2 Launching Site, ordered the structure stabilized to prevent any further damage. Work was completed in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Fulwyler buried a 25-year time capsule describing the restoration. Its artifacts are now on display inside the home. On the back of a photograph of himself Fulwyler wrote:</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>For many years the site was open on the first Saturday in April and October. Admission is free. There is a display on the Schmidt family in the house during each open house. In 2014, the White Sands Missile Range announced that due to budgetary constraints, the site would only be open once a year, on the first Saturday in April. In 2015, this decision was reversed, and two events were scheduled, in April and October., the site is now open to visitors twice a year, on the first Saturday in April and the third Saturday in October.</p><br>
<p>The Hooper–Lee–Nichols House is an historic Colonial American house in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Initially constructed in 1685 and enlarged and remodeled many times thereafter, it is located at 159 Brattle Street in Cambridge. It is the second-oldest house in the city . The house is now headquarters for History Cambridge, formerly the Cambridge Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally built in 1685 by Dr. Richard Hooper as a typical First Period farmhouse, although its ceilings were plastered, which was unusual for a modest house. When Hooper died in 1691, his wife took in boarders and the property then began to fall into disrepair. She in turn died in 1701, and the house continued its decline until 1716, when it was claimed by Hoopers son, Dr. Henry Hooper, who discharged the debts on his mothers estate. He purchased a second house, had it disassembled, moved to the site and reassembled, thereby doubling the size of the house. He also added a lean-to and rebuilt the chimney with cooking ovens. In 1733, he sold the house to Cornelius Waldo, who added a third story and began the process of converting the house to Georgian style.</p><br>
<p>Judge Joseph Lee bought the house in 1758, adding the enclosed entry porch and applying stucco to the west wall. Lee was a Loyalist and hence vacated his house during the first days of the American Revolution; he returned, however, in 1777.</p><br>
<p>In 1850, George and Susan Nichols rented the house and began to renovate it. They enlarged the rear and installed the roof balustrade, containing balusters once part of the chancel of Saint Paul&#39;s Cathedral in Boston. In 1916 Austin White, a relative of the Nicholses, removed the two-story rear of the house and rebuilt it to a full three stories. Finally in 1923 Frances Emerson was given the house by her father as a Christmas present. Her husband was for many years Dean of Architecture at MIT. She deeded the house to the Cambridge Historical Society, which came into possession of it in 1957. In the early 1980s, the Society made extensive restorations and stabilization of the structure. Additional major renovation work was performed in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Elmwood, also known as the Oliver-Gerry-Lowell House, is a historic house and centerpiece of a National Historic Landmark District in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is known for several prominent former residents, including: Thomas Oliver , royal Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts; Elbridge Gerry , signer of the US Declaration of Independence, Vice President of the United States and eponym of the term "gerrymandering&quot and James Russell Lowell , noted American writer, poet, and foreign diplomat.</p><br>
<p>The house, originally on a 100-acre estate, was built in the Georgian style about 1767 by John Nutting for Lt. Governor Thomas Oliver, member of a wealthy merchant family in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. Abandoned by the Loyalist Oliver at the outset of the American Revolutionary War, the property was confiscated by the state of Massachusetts. It was purchased by Elbridge Gerry, who used it as his family residence until his death in 1814. The house was sold by his heirs to the Lowell family, and was the birthplace and residence of James Russell Lowell for most of his life. During Lowell&#39;s ownership significant portions of the original estate were sold off, and his heirs sold the house to art historian and Harvard professor, Arthur Kingsley Porter. He bequeathed the property to the university, which now uses it as the official residence of its president.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally the house has retained most of its Georgian character, and has had only modest exterior additions and modifications. Although it was decorated in a Victorian style by the Lowells, Harvard restored the interior to a more traditional Georgian style when it took over the property. The house is not open to the public. In addition to the property owned by Harvard, the National Historic Landmark District encompasses the adjacent Lowell Park, a state-owned park which was once part of the original Oliver estate.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Oliver, Revolution, and Gerry</h3><br>
<p>The house now known as Elmwood was built about 1767 by Thomas Oliver, appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts in the spring of 1774. Oliver owed his vast wealth to slave labor as both heir to Antiguan planters and absentee owner of Friar’s Hill plantation, Antigua, where 206 people were enslaved when inherited by his children.See and, Center for the Study of the Legacy of British Slavery, University College London. Retrieved 26 October 2022.</p><br>
<p>Oliver’s wife, Elizabeth Vassall, was the daughter of John Vassall, owner of Jamaican slave-labor plantations Newfound River and Lower Works Pen. At probate, he enslaved 1,167 people. Elizabeth Vassall and Thomas Oliver enslaved 11 individuals at Elmwood.</p><br>
<p>The Oliver-Vassall estate, located on the western edge of Cambridge, Massachusetts, included about 100 acre of rolling fields with a commanding view of the Charles River. The property extended from Fresh Pond in the north across the Charles River to what is now the Boston neighborhood of Brighton to the south, then part of Cambridge. It was not far from the 1759 mansion built for John Vassall II (Elizabeth Vassalls brother) and his wife Elizabeth Oliver (Thomas Olivers sister). Their estate would later become Washingtons Headquarters and Longfellows home.</p><br>
<p>On September 1, 1774, pursuant to orders given by Governor Thomas Gage, British Army troops removed provincial gunpowder from a magazine in what is today Somerville. This activity caused a spontaneous rising of militia throughout the province amid rumors of actual violence that is known as the Powder Alarm. The next day Oliver was able to dissipate a crowd that formed in Cambridge (near present-day Harvard Square) by going to Boston, conferring with Gage, and reporting that no further military movements were planned. However, the crowd followed him home and compelled him to resign his office, which he did under protest. Oliver and his family shortly thereafter fled to Boston.</p><br>
<p>Early in the siege of Boston that began after the battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, the house was occupied by troops that eventually became part of the Continental Army; one of the building&#39;s notable occupants during this time was Benedict Arnold, then in the Connecticut militia. After the Battle of Bunker Hill it was used as a hospital. When the British military evacuated Boston in March 1776, the Olivers, like many other Loyalists, traveled with them to Nova Scotia. Oliver eventually settled in Bristol, England, where he died in 1815.</p><br>
<p>The Massachusetts government confiscated Olivers property during the American Revolutionary War, and sold it in 1779 to Andrew Cabot. In 1787 Elbridge Gerry purchased the Cambridge estate, which became his home. In the aftermath of the XYZ Affair, for which Gerry was unjustly criticized, Elmwood was the scene of protests in which Gerry was burned in effigy. Gerry served as Governor of Massachusetts in 1810 and 1811; redistricting of the state in 1812 prompted the coining of the term "gerrymandering" to describe the practice of shaping legislative districts in partisan ways. In March 1813 Gerry took the oath of office as Vice President of the United States in the house; he died in 1814 in Washington, D. C. Gerry rented out large parts of the estate to tenant farmers. He sold and later repurchased land near the Charles River from a relative, who operated a landing and storehouse; the area (located near the present-day Eliot Bridge) became known as Gerrys Landing.</p><br>
<h3>Lowell family</h3><br>
<p>Ten acres, including the house, were purchased from the Gerry family in 1818 by Charles Russell Lowell, Sr. of the Lowell family. It was in this home that James Russell Lowell was born on February 22, 1819.</p><br>
<p>In the 1850s, Lowell dealt with many personal tragedies, including the sudden death of his mother and his third daughter, Rose. His personal troubles as well as the Compromise of 1850 convinced him to spend a winter in Italy after coaxing from William Wetmore Story. The trip was financed by the sale of land around Elmwood, and Lowell intended to sell off even further. Ultimately, 25 of the original 30 acre were sold to supplement Lowell&#39;s income. His personal troubles continued: his son Walter died while overseas, his wife Maria White Lowell died in October 1853, his father became deaf, and his sister Rebecca was deteriorating mentally such that she often went without speaking for weeks. He had difficulty coping and became a recluse at Elmwood for a time until an invitation to speak at the Lowell Institute resulted in a job offer at Harvard College. He accepted the job, with the request he be allowed to study abroad for a year first.</p><br>
<p>Lowell returned to the United States and began his duties at Harvard in the summer of 1856. Still grieving the loss of his wife, however, he avoided Elmwood. Instead, he took lodging in an area known as Professors Row on Kirkland Street in Cambridge along with his daughter Mabel and her governess Frances Dunlap. Lowell and Dunlap married in 1857. After the death of Lowells father in January 1861 due to a heart attack, he moved back to Elmwood with his family. Despite avoiding the home for so long, he was pleased to be back. He wrote to his friend Charles Frederick Briggs: "I am back again to the place I love best. I am sitting in my old garret, at my old desk, smoking my old pipe... I begin to feel more like my old self than I have these ten years". However, Elmwood&#39;s expenses drained him, with taxes at $1,000 a year. As early as 1867, he considered renting out Elmwood and moving into a smaller home elsewhere but never did. Instead, to ease his financial plight, he began to sell off land in 1870 until only two and a half acres remained.</p><br>
<p>Lowell remained at Elmwood for the remainder of his life with a few exceptions, including the period between 1877 and 1885 when he served as Minister to Spain and Great Britain. At Elmwood, he wrote some of his best-known works, including The Vision of Sir Launfal, The Biglow Papers, and A Fable for Critics, all published in 1848. It was Lowell who named the house "Elmwood". He mentions the home in some of his poetry:</p><br>
<p>Lowell&#39;s friend and fellow poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow also wrote a poem about the house called "The Herons of Elmwood".</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the summer of 1872, when Lowell traveled to Europe, he rented the house to Thomas Bailey Aldrich and his family. Aldrich wrote of the experience living at Elmwood to Bayard Taylor on January 9, 1873:</p><br>
<p>Years later, in 1877, when Lowell was appointed Ambassador to Spain, he rented the home to the violinist Ole Bull. Shortly after Bulls death in 1880, the Norwegian poet, playwright, and novelist Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson was the guest of Bulls widow at Elmwood for three months. Upon Lowell&#39;s return to the United States in 1885, he stayed at Elmwood for his remaining years. He died in the home on August 12, 1891.</p><br>
<h3>20th century to present</h3><br>
<p>After the death of James Russell Lowell the house was inherited and used seasonally first by his daughter Mabel, who had by then married Edward Burnett, then by their children. Arthur Kingsley Porter purchased Elmwood and the remaining lands from the Lowell heirs in 1920. Porter, a Harvard professor, used the house as a private residence, but also taught some of his classes there and allowed students to use his extensive library. Porter would later become Chair of Harvard&#39;s Art History Department. In 1929, Porter purchased Glenveagh Castle in Ireland. He disappeared from the nearby island of Inishbofin on July 8, 1933. Under the terms of his will, Elmwood was bequeathed to Harvard, although his wife was granted lifetime occupancy. She died in 1962, at which time Harvard took full control of the property.</p><br>
<p>After major renovations Elmwood was occupied by Franklin L. Ford, who was Harvards Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences for most of the 1960s. Acting President Derek Bok moved his family there in 1971 amid security concerns originating in student protest activity near the then-presidents residence on Quincy Street. The house has been the official residence of Harvard presidents since. It still houses portions of the Lowell library.</p><br>
<p>The Harvard-owned property and the adjacent state-owned Lowell Park were declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1966. Lowell Park was established in 1899 as a memorial to James Russell Lowell. It was paid for in part by private subscription and also with some public funds, and donated to the state in 1898. It was at first administered by the Metropolitan District Commission as part of the Charles River Reservation; the MDC&#39;s successor, the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, is now responsible for the park.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Although parts of Elmwood&#39;s interior have been altered, its exterior has not changed greatly over the years. It is a large, square, clapboarded structure in Georgian style with brick-lined walls and two chimneys. The floor plans on each floor are the same: two rooms on either side of a central hall housing a staircase. The windows on the first and second floors have decorative cornices, and a 19th-century balustrade surrounds the roof. The exterior entranceway is flanked by Tuscan pilasters supporting a classic entablature decorated with a frieze. Above the entablature is a large window with Ionic pilasters on either side, topped by a triangular pediment.</p><br>
<p>The building has had some modifications and additions, made principally during the Lowell ownership period. Additions housing more modern services and a library were added to the west side of the house, and first-floor windows in the front parlor and dining room were replaced with French doors. A one-story porch with balustraded roof deck was added on the north side of the house, and a terrace was installed on the south side. The Lowells decorated the house in a Victorian style; Harvard restored the building interior to an 18th-century style when it took over the property.</p><br>
<p>Smith Memorial Library is a member of the Chautauqua-Cattaraugus Library System, located on Bestor Plaza on the grounds of Chautauqua Institution in Chautauqua, New York.</p><br>
<p>The library was constructed from a $69,000 gift willed from the estate of Mrs. A.M. Smith Wilkes. The library serves as caretaker of the Chautauqua Institution Archives, including all Chautauqua Press publications from as early as 1876. It also houses objets d&#39;art, books, and journals which Mrs. A.M. Smith Wilkes collected on her travels.</p><br>
<p>The building is a contributing property in the Chautauqua Institution Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Holy Ghost Catholic Church is a Catholic parish located within the city of Dubuque, Iowa, United States. It is part of the Archdiocese of Dubuque. The church, school, rectory, and convent were listed together as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish was formed in 1896 in response to a population explosion in the northern parts of Dubuque. Sacred Heart Church had been established in 1879, and a new large church capable of seating 1,100 was built in 1888. But within a few years church officials realized that even with a new building that Sacred Heart wasn&#39;t able to keep up with the growing population. In response Holy Ghost parish was formed.</p><br>
<p>A combination church and school structure was built at the 2900th block of what today is known as Central Avenue. Within a few years a large church building designed by Guido Beck was built just to the north of the old building.</p><br>
<p>In July 2001, Wahlert High School and all Dubuque Catholic Elementary Schools and the Catholic Early Childhood Centers, joined to become a system called Holy Family Catholic Schools. This resulted in the consolidation of and closure of several long time schools, including Holy Trinity, Nativity, Sacred Heart, St. Joseph Key West, St. Joseph The Worker, St. Marys, and St. Patricks.</p><br>
<p>Besides Holy Ghost, the other remaining elementary schools are Resurrection Elementary School, St. Anthony Elementary School, and St. Columbkille Elementary School.</p><br>
<p>Philipsburg Manor House is a historic house in the Upper Mills section of the former sprawling Colonial-era estate known as Philipsburg Manor. Together with a water mill and trading site the house is operated as a non-profit museum by Historic Hudson Valley. It is located on US 9 in the village of Sleepy Hollow, New York.</p><br>
<p>Although an English-deeded tract, it is listed by some sources with the patroonships of New Netherland since it incorporated part of that previously owned by Dutch Jonkheer Adriaen van der Donck.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The manor dates from 1693, when wealthy Province of New York merchant Frederick Philipse was granted a charter for 52,000 acre along the Hudson River by the British Crown. He built a facility at the confluence of the Pocantico and Hudson Rivers as a provisioning depot for the family Atlantic sea trade and as headquarters for a worldwide shipping operation. For more than thirty years, Frederick and his wife Margaret, and later his son Adolph shipped hundreds of African men, women, and children as slaves across the Atlantic.</p><br>
<p>By the mid 18th century, the Philipse family had one of the largest slave-holdings in the colonial North. The family seat of Philipsburg Manor was Philipse Manor Hall in Yonkers</p><br>
<p>The manor was tenanted by farmers of various European backgrounds, and operated by enslaved Africans. (In 1750, twenty-three enslaved men, women, and children lived and worked at the manor.)</p><br>
<p>At the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, the Philipses supported the British, and their landholdings were seized and auctioned off. The manor house was used during the war, most notably by British General Sir Henry Clinton during military activities in 1779. It was there that he wrote what is now known as the Philipsburg Proclamation, which declared all Patriot-owned slaves to be free, and that blacks taken prisoner while serving in Patriot forces would be sold into slavery.</p><br>
<p>Named a National Historic Landmark in 1961, the farm features a stone manor house filled with a collection of 17th- and 18th-century period furnishings, a working water-powered grist mill and millpond, an 18th-century barn, a slave garden, and a reconstructed tenant farm house. Costumed interpreters re-enact life in pre-Revolutionary times, doing chores, milking the cows, and grinding grain in the grist mill. In 2016, historic restoration work sponsored by the New York State Council on the Arts was completed on the grist mill to rebuild the entire wooden waterwheel and flume.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Michael Middleton Dwyer (editor), with a preface by Mark Rockefeller. Great Houses of the Hudson River (Boston MA: Little Brown & Co., 2001).</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Fort Wayne, Indiana, is the primary cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend, headed by Most Rev. Kevin C. Rhoades. The parish was established in 1836, making it the oldest in Fort Wayne. The church was erected in 1860.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1836, Father Louis Mueller was appointed the first resident pastor of the Fort Wayne Territory in the Vincennes Diocese. Mueller began construction on a small log church.</p><br>
<p>Father Julian Benoit became pastor in 1840. He paid off the debt and purchased the remaining portion of the square, initially for use as a cemetery. In 1849, the German portion of St. Augustine&#39;s parish built St. Mary Church (not the present-day St. Mary Church in Fort Wayne), the first German-speaking congregation in Fort Wayne.</p><br>
<p>The parish rectory was built in 1854.</p><br>
<p>In 1857, the Diocese of Fort Wayne was erected. Bishop John Luers designated St. Augustines as his cathedral, while at the same time making plans for a larger, more permanent church. St. Augustines was destroyed by fire in 1859.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone for the new cathedral was laid on Trinity Sunday 1859. Rev. Benoit who designed it, named it the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, in honor of the Blessed Virgin.</p><br>
<p>Benoit was the primary fundraiser, making trips to New Orleans and France. Much of the costs he covered himself. The cathedral was dedicated on the feast of the Immaculate Conception, December 8, 1860.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, the Bishop&#39;s house and chancery was erected; paid for by the sale of a farm in Jasper County.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The large sanctuary window of Mary was made in Benoit&#39;s home country of France and installed in the summer of 1861. The brass candlesticks with the figures of the Apostles were also from France. The crucifix and altar stone were salvaged from St. Augustine Church.</p><br>
<p>In 1896, the Cathedral underwent a thorough renovation, supervised by Msgr. Joseph H. Brammer. Twelve stained-glass windows from the Royal Bavarian Art Institute, in Munich depict scenes from the Life of Mary. The wood-carved Stations of the Cross are also from Germany.</p><br>
<h2>Burials</h2><br>
<p>Msgr. Julian Benoit (†January 26, 1885)</p><br>
<p>Bishop John Henry Luers (†June 29, 1871)</p><br>
<p>Bishop Joseph Dwenger (†January 22, 1893)</p><br>
<p>Bishop Herman Joseph Alerding (†December 6, 1924)</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>The Cathedral building still stands today, maintained through various renovations over the decades, the most recent by Schenkel and Sons, Inc.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral grounds, called the Cathedral Square, includes the Chancery of the Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend, MacDougal Chapel, Cathedral Center for C.C.D. classes (formerly the Cathedral Boys School), and the Rectory (the priests&#39; residence), and the grave of the last Miami Indians chief, Joseph Richardville. Recently, the Cathedral Museum housed in the basement of MacDougal Chapel and diocesan offices located in the Cathedral Center were moved to a new location a few blocks north of Cathedral Square.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Current pastoral staff</h2><br>
<p>Rector - Fr. Jacob D. Runyon</p><br>
<p>Associate pastors - Fr. Peter Dee De and Fr. Wimal Jayasuria</p><br>
<p>The Peralta Home, at 561 Lafayette Avenue in San Leandro was the first brick house built in Alameda County. It was constructed in the Spanish Colonial style in 1860 for Ignacio Peralta, early San Leandro Spanish settler, by W.P. Toler .</p><br>
<p>A.C. Peachey purchased the house from Rafaela Sanchez Peralta (Ignacio&#39;s widow) on May 18, 1875. Immediately thereafter Peachey added a large wood extension at the back of the brick house. Technically a -story building, the old Peralta house had its main reception rooms on the second story. Peachey continued this emphasis on the second story in his additions, treating the ground floor as a basement.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the Peachey family for thirty-four years. Between 1909 and 1926, it went to Daniel and C.L. Best. Eventually in November 1926, it was purchased by the Alta Mira Club, who are still the current owners. One of the more interesting of 19th-century houses in San Leandro, it has additional historic associations with the large and land-rich Peralta family, who were pioneers of the area. Peralta&#39;s father, Luís María Peralta, received the Rancho San Antonio land grant from Spanish Governor Don Pablo Vicente de Solá on October 20, 1820.</p><br>
<p>The house is a California Historical Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NPS-78000654).</p><br>
<p>Battleground National Cemetery is a military burial ground, located along Georgia Avenue near Fort Stevens, in Washington, D.C.&#39;s Brightwood neighborhood. The cemetery is managed by the National Park Service, together with other components of Rock Creek Park.</p><br>
<h2>Battle of Fort Stevens</h2><br>
<p>The Battle of Fort Stevens, which took place on July 11–12, 1864, marked the defeat of General Jubal Anderson Early&#39;s Confederate campaign to launch an offensive action against the national capital. During the battle, 59 soldiers were killed on the Union side. There were approximately 500 casualties on the Confederate side of the battle.</p><br>
<h2>Burials</h2><br>
<p>After the battle, Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs seized 1 acre of farm land to use for burying the dead. Under direction from President Abraham Lincoln and Meigs, forty were buried on the evening of July 12 on the battlefield site. The dead were later moved to the current location of Battleground National Cemetery. A possibly apocryphal story states that Lincoln came to the site to dedicate it as the Battleground National Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>It was declared that anyone who fought in the battle was permitted to be buried at the location, but only one more veteran of the battle, Edward R. Campbell, was buried in the cemetery in March 1936 at the age of 92. Four of the family members (the mother and three children) of the cemetery&#39;s first caretaker are also buried at the cemetery. All of them died within five years of each other. The cemetery is now a closed site and no more burials are permitted.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the grave markers, the cemetery includes four monuments to units that fought at Fort Stevens, including the 25th New York Volunteer Cavalry, 98th Pennsylvania Infantry, 122nd New York Infantry, and the 150th Ohio National Guard.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The piece of land was previously part of a fruit orchard owned by farmer James Malloy. When he returned to his land after the dust cleared from the battle, Malloy was upset that his land was taken and challenged the action. Through an act of Congress passed on February 22, 1867, the land was acquired and officially transferred to the government on July 23, 1868 with payment made to Malloy.</p><br>
<p>A superintendents lodge was built in 1871, using a basic stone design by General Montgomery Meigs that was a prototype for all national cemeteries. The lodge was built as a residence for the superintendent of the cemetery. The superintendents lodge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 4, 1980.</p><br>
<p>Battleground National Cemetery was administered by the United States Department of War until 1933–34, when it was transferred to the National Park Service. The cemetery was administratively listed on the National Register on October 15, 1966, and is one of the smallest national cemeteries.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the DC Preservation League listed the cemetery as one of the most endangered historic sites in Washington, D.C. The National Park Service has been allocated funds under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 for restoration work at Battleground National Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Montrose Park is a public park owned by the federal government, located in the 3000 block of R Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Georgetown neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>It is located between Dumbarton Oaks Park and Oak Hill Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Both Montrose Park and Dumbarton Oaks Park were jointly listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 28, 1967. Montrose Park obtained an individual listing in 2007.</p><br>
<p>In addition to a large children&#39;s play area in the back of the park, there are two sets of tennis courts, as well as open space with footwalks and trails that lead into Rock Creek Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property was early owned by ropemaker Robert Parrott, who allowed the community to use it as a picnic ground. Sarah Louisa Rittenhouse successfully led a group to lobby Congress to acquire the property as an addition to Rock Creek Park. The park was established in 1911 "after a hard-fought battle" in Congress. To honor Rittenhouse&#39;s efforts to make the Parrott property a park rather than a housing development, an "armillary sphere" was created in her honor through fundraising efforts by Washington, DC, hostesses.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, the federal Office of Public Buildings and Grounds hired landscape architects to develop plans for Montrose Park to keep its ambience that of a large country estate, including a network of paths, an entrance ellipse, a pergola, and a lodge. When that office was abolished in 1933, the National Park Service took over managing the park. Ten years later, a Cultural Landscape Report was published as the preferred treatment document for the park. A service group, the Friends of Montrose Park, assists the Park Service in maintaining and restoring the park as outlined in that report.The park retains a -long ropewalk that was used from 1804 to 1814.</p><br>
<p>The Dumbarton Oaks Park is a public park, located in the 3100 block of R Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Georgetown neighborhood. Access is via</p><br>
<p>Lovers&#39; Lane from R Street, east of 32nd Street. It is located near Dumbarton Oaks, Montrose Park, and Oak Hill Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>It is part of the Georgetown Historic District. Now part of Rock Creek Park, it originally belonged to the Dumbarton Oaks estate which had designed it as an enhanced "natural" area. In the 2020&#39;s the National Park Service worked with the estate to restore and preserve the landscape architecture of Beatrix Farrand in the park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Robert Woods Bliss and Mildred Barnes Bliss purchased the Dumbarton Oaks estate in 1920, and established the garden. The park is a naturalistic streamside garden area of 27 acres, beyond the 10 acre formal garden, designed by Beatrix Farrand. In 1940, the Blisses gifted Dumbarton Oaks Park to the National Park Service, turning over creative control and upkeep of the plantings located there. Both Montrose Park and Dumbarton Oaks Park were jointly listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 28, 1967. Montrose Park obtained an individual listing on 2007. In 1998 and 1999, Student Conservation Association groups restored the south stream path. Dumbarton Oaks Park Conservancy has been formed to provide restoration.</p><br>
<p>The Petersen House is a 19th-century federal style row house in the United States in Washington, D.C., located at 516 10th Street NW, several blocks east of the White House. On April 15, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln died there after being shot the previous evening at Ford&#39;s Theatre, located across the street.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1849 by William A. Petersen, a German tailor. Future Vice-President John C. Breckinridge, a friend of the Lincoln family, rented this house in 1852. It served as a boarding house in 1865 and has been a museum since the 1930s, currently administered by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<h2>Lincoln assassination</h2><br>
<p>On the night of April 14, 1865, Lincoln and his wife Mary Todd were attending a performance of Our American Cousin when John Wilkes Booth, an actor and Southern sympathizer, entered the box and shot the President in the back of the head. Henry Rathbone and Clara Harris were also in the box with the Lincolns, and Rathbone suffered serious stab wounds while trying to prevent Booth&#39;s escape. Doctors including Charles Leale and Charles Sabin Taft examined Lincoln in the box before having him carried across the street to the Petersen House, where boarder Henry Safford directed them inside.</p><br>
<p>Upon re-examining Lincoln, only to discover that his extremities were cold, physicians continually removed blood clots which formed over the wound and poured out the excess brain fluid and brain matter from where the bullet had entered Lincoln&#39;s head in order to relieve pressure on the brain. However, the external and internal hemorrhaging continued throughout the night.</p><br>
<p>During the night and early morning, guards patrolled outside to prevent onlookers from coming inside the house. Lincolns Cabinet members, generals, and various members of Congress were allowed to see the President, except Secretary of State William Seward, who had been nearly killed in an assassination attempt by Lewis Powell, one of John Wilkes Booths henchmen, in the same night as the assassination of Lincoln.</p><br>
<p>Abraham Lincoln died in the house on April 15, 1865, at 7:22 a.m., aged 56. Individuals in the room when he died included his son Robert Todd Lincoln; Senator Charles Sumner; generals Henry Wager Halleck, Richard James Oglesby, Corporal James Tanner, and Montgomery C. Meigs; and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. Booth was located in Virginia 2 weeks later and was shot by one of the Union soldiers, Sergeant Boston Corbett, dying less than three hours later.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Since 1933, the National Park Service has maintained Petersen House as a historical museum, recreating the scene at the time of Lincoln&#39;s death. The bed that Lincoln occupied and other items from the bedroom had been bought by Chicago collector Charles F. Gunther, and are now owned by and on display at the Chicago History Museum. However, replicas have taken their places. The bloodstained pillow and pillowcases are the ones used by Lincoln. Also featured is a large tower of books about Lincoln.</p><br>
<p>The house is administered by the National Park Service as part of the Ford&#39;s Theatre National Historic Site. Usually, the house is open to visitors daily from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Admission is free but requires a timed ticket.</p><br>
<p>Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is a recreated brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, between Broadway and Park Avenue South, in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. It is a replica of the birthplace and childhood home of 26th president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house that originally stood on the site was built in 1848 and was bought by the Roosevelts in 1854. Theodore Roosevelt was born there on October 27, 1858, and lived in the house with his family until 1872, when the neighborhood began to become more commercial and the family moved uptown to 57th Street.</p><br>
<p>The original building was demolished in 1916 to make way for retail space,</p><br>
<p>The house was rededicated in 1923 and was subsequently refurbished with many furnishings from the original house by the Presidents widow, Edith, and his two sisters. The widow and sisters also supplied information about the interiors appearance during Roosevelt&#39;s residency.</p><br>
<p>The Theodore Roosevelt Association donated the birthplace to the National Park Service in 1963. As a National Historic Site, it was automatically listed on the National Register of Historic Places at its creation on October 15, 1966. It now serves as a museum dedicated to the life and contributions of the 26th president of the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Roosevelt&#39;s recollection</h2><br>
<p>Roosevelt described his memories of the home&#39;s interior in Chapter 1 of his 1913 autobiography:</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The three-story brownstone house features a mansard roof, and a high stoop above the basement. The hooded moldings above the windows and doorway are in the Gothic Revival style.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, Theodate Pope Riddle was recognized for her work rebuilding the home, a winning site of Built by Women New York City, a competition launched by the Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation during the fall of 2014 to identify outstanding and diverse sites and spaces designed, engineered and built by women.</p><br>
<p>Taunton City Hall is an historic city hall containing the offices of the municipal government for the city of Taunton, Massachusetts, including the office of the mayor and the city council chambers. The building was originally constructed in 1848, and expanded in 1896. It is a contributing property to the Church Green national historic district, located at the intersection of USA Route 44 and State Route 140. An arson fire in 2010 caused severe damage and forced the building to stay closed for ten years.</p><br>
<h2>Historical notes</h2><br>
<p>The current city hall is located on land once owned by Marcus Morton, former governor of Massachusetts. Construction of the original building began in March 1848 and was completed in November of that same year. In 1853, a second story was added to the building. The original brick building was designed and built by Earl E. Ryder of Taunton.</p><br>
<p>Taunton High School was located in the second floor of city hall between 1854 and 1885.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, a memorial plaque listing the names of Tauntonians killed in action during the American Civil War was dedicated inside Taunton City Hall.</p><br>
<p>In July 1896 the original castle-like facade of city hall was removed, and replaced with a large granite addition designed in the Renaissance revival style by architect J. Merrill Brown at a cost of $45,000.</p><br>
<p>Taunton City Hall also contains memorial plaques to city victims of World War I and World War II.</p><br>
<h3>2010 arson fire</h3><br>
<p>On the morning of August 17, 2010, an arsonist broke into the fourth-floor attic and set the building ablaze. Efforts to put out the fire caused considerable water damage to saturated walls and ceilings, nearly all of which were later torn apart to prevent mold. Estimates to repair City Hall have ranged from $15 million to $23 million. City operations were moved temporarily to Oak Street, in what was the Lowell M. Maxham School. In December 2014, the Star Theater/Leonard Block building, adjacent to City Hall, was demolished, in hopes that the demolition would make it easier to repair City Hall.</p><br>
<h3>Renovation and re-opening</h3><br>
<p>A $27 million renovation of Taunton City Hall began in February 2019 and was completed in September 2020, ten years after the fire. The original 1846 main building was torn down due to poor condition, and the 1896 addition was saved and renovated. A new addition was built in place of the demolished 1846 section. Details like plaques, fireplaces, and old vault doors were retained. Taunton City Hall reopened its doors in October 2020.</p><br>
<p>Princeton Terrace Club is one of eleven current eating clubs at Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Terrace Club was founded in 1904 and is located at 62 Washington Road. It is the sole Princeton eating club located off Prospect Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Membership and culture</h2><br>
<p>Terrace&#39;s motto has been "Food=Love" since the mid-eighties. The food is served cafeteria-style and is famous for being more vegetarian-friendly than other clubs. Members of Terrace often refer to the club as "Terrace F. Club" or "TFC". Other nicknames include "the mother," "mother Terrace," or "the womb," and members often refer to themselves as "Terrans".</p><br>
<p>Weekend events at Terrace often include concerts of indie-scene bands from a variety of genres, including rock, hip-hop, salsa, jazz, and electronica. Many notable artists and groups, including former club member Stanley Jordan, Flipper, Phil Lesh, Yo La Tengo, GWAR, Blues Traveler (Summer 87), ESG, Bim Skala Bim, Elliott Smith, Run DMC, Modest Mouse, The Flaming Lips, Vampire Weekend, Frightened Rabbit, Girl Talk, GZA, Immortal Technique, Stereolab, Snarky Puppy, Action Bronson, Vulfpeck, and Tortoise have played at Terrace, some before they were nationally known. Terrace also hosts the Queer Radicals Annual Drag Ball in October or November.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As was then common practice for newly founded eating clubs, when Terrace Club began in 1904, the members dined in a building on Olden Street known as "The Incubator." This small structure had previously been the original home of Cap & Gown, and had been relocated to Olden Street from Cap and Gown&#39;s current location. It served as a temporary home for many eating clubs while their own buildings were under construction or being renovated.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, the club relocated to the current Washington Road location, which was occupied by a house in the Colonial Revival style which had formerly belonged to faculty member John Grier Hibben. This building was remodeled by architect Frederick Stone in the 1920s to the current configuration with its Tudor-style exterior.</p><br>
<p>A tea party at Terrace in 1936 is credited as the birthplace of the idea for the short-lived Veterans of Future Wars, an organization that satirized the acceleration of bonus payments to World War I veterans by demanding that its young members be similarly paid for the services they would render their country in conflicts to come.</p><br>
<p>In 1967, Terrace became the first club to abandon the bicker process. Terrace Club and Colonial Club were the first clubs to accept women following the University&#39;s decision to admit women in 1969. In 2011, Terrace became the first club to offer membership to graduate students.</p><br>
<p>From 1977 until 1984, many of the sign-in clubs faltered due to declining membership numbers, and the Graduate Board seriously considered closing Terrace in 1983. As an attempt to attract new members, chef Larry Frazer began cooking vegetarian meals, a new concept on campus at the time. Frazer was married in Terrace Club in 1982 with the officers acting as attendants and guitarist Stanley Jordan as the musical performer. Frazer later moved on to become chef at Campus Club at the short-lived DEC, and served as the Executive Catering Chef for the University itself.</p><br>
<p>Much of the reputation Terrace enjoys today grew with the leadership and love of the late Barton R. Rouse, the creative force behind Terraces parties and excellent food. Frazer had hired Rouse originally to serve as sous chef in 1984 and Rouse later succeeded Frazer as head chef for the club. Rouse was the originator of the clubs "Food=Love" motto and brought an imaginative flair to his job, including the creation of themed meals and parties, which soon became a hallmark of the club. Rouse served in this role until his death in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Harold Medina &#39;09 - Lawyer and judge notable for hearing landmark cases of conspiracy and treason</p><br>
<p>William H. Scheide 36 - Musician, philanthropist, and humanitarian. Relocated the Scheide Library, "probably the finest private library in existence in the world," to Princetons Firestone Library. A primary funder of Brown vs. Board of Education.</p><br>
<p>Mel Ferrer &#39;39 - Actor, film director and producer</p><br>
<p>Russell E. Train &#39;41 - President of World Wildlife Fund, 1978-1985</p><br>
<p>Warren Eginton &#39;45 - Senior USA District judge for District of Connecticut</p><br>
<p>Galway Kinnell &#39;48 - Poet, translator, and author</p><br>
<p>Jacques-André Istel &#39;49 - Parachutist and "father of modern skydiving"</p><br>
<p>Richard Riordan &#39;52 - Former mayor of Los Angeles</p><br>
<p>Alan Blinder &#39;67 - Former Vice Chairman of the USA Federal Reserve and professor of economics and public affairs at Princeton University</p><br>
<p>Madison Smartt Bell &#39;79 - Novelist</p><br>
<p>Ken McCarthy &#39;81 - Internet commercialization pioneer, author, educator (Terrace Social Director)</p><br>
<p>Stanley Jordan &#39;81 - Jazz guitarist</p><br>
<p>Dana L. Harrison &#39;81 - Finance then core organizer of Burning Man festival. Worked with numerous spiritual and creative organizations around the Bay Area. ( Terrace President )</p><br>
<p>Douglas Rushkoff &#39;83 - Author and media theorist</p><br>
<p>Walter Kirn &#39;83 - Novelist and Literary Critic</p><br>
<p>Howard Gordon &#39;84 - TV writer, producer, and showrunner</p><br>
<p>Jonathan Ames 86/87 - Writer, raconteur and performance artist, creator of HBO&#39;s Bored to Death</p><br>
<p>Kate Betts 86 - American fashion journalist - senior editor at American Vogue, editor of Harpers Bazaar</p><br>
<p>Nils Muižnieks &#39;86 - Human rights activist and political scientist, Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights since 2012</p><br>
<p>Todd Wider &#39;86 - Plastic surgeon and Emmy Award-winning film producer</p><br>
<p>Jack Weiss &#39;86 - Former Los Angeles City Council member</p><br>
<p>Sina Najafi 86/87 - founder and editor-in-chief of New York-based Cabinet Magazine</p><br>
<p>Jennifer S. Hirsch &#39;88 - Researcher, professor at Columbia University, social justice advocate, and author</p><br>
<p>Ron Norsworthy &#39;88 - Visual artist, product and production designer (TV Shows, Specials & Music Videos)</p><br>
<p>Sophia Rosenfeld &#39;88 - Historian, professor, and author</p><br>
<p>E. Randol Schoenberg &#39;88 - USA attorney, based in Los Angeles, California. Successful case in Supreme Court of the United States Republic of Austria v. Altmann in 2004. President of the Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust.</p><br>
<p>Theodore Zoli &#39;88 - American structural engineer, and a leading designer of cable-stayed bridges. 2009 MacArthur Fellows Program</p><br>
<p>Vanessa Friedman &#39;89 - Fashion director and chief fashion critic at The New York Times.</p><br>
<p>Clifford J. Levy &#39;89 - Two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize, in 2003 and 2011, for the New York Times,</p><br>
<p>Josh Marshall &#39;91 - American Polk Award-winning journalist and blogger who founded Talking Points Memo</p><br>
<p>Mark Feuerstein &#39;93 - Actor</p><br>
<p>Mohsin Hamid &#39;93 - Author</p><br>
<p>Peter Moskos &#39;94 - Author</p><br>
<p>Jordan Roth &#39;97 - President and majority owner of Jujamcyn Theaters</p><br>
<p>Tim Ferriss &#39;00 - Entrepreneur, investor, and author</p><br>
<p>Jonathan Safran Foer &#39;00 - Author</p><br>
<p>Julia Ioffe &#39;05 - Journalist who covers national security and foreign policy topics</p><br>
<p>Branden Jacobs-Jenkins &#39;06 - Playwright</p><br>
<p>Fort Ethan Allen was a United States Army installation in Vermont, named for American Revolutionary War figure Ethan Allen. Established as a cavalry post in 1894 and closed in 1944, today it is the center of a designated national historic district straddling the town line between Colchester and Essex. Locally, it is known simply as "The Fort", and now houses a Vermont National Guard installation a variety of businesses, academic institutions, and residential areas.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former grounds of Fort Ethan Allen stand on the north side of Vermont Route 15, roughly divided in half between southeastern Colchester and southwestern Essex. The grounds are organized around a large elliptical parade ground located just north of the main road, with circulation in the former base complex provided by series of concentric roadways joined by shorter segments radiating away from the parade ground. The grounds are more than 130 acre, and include a variety of former military buildings, in some places now including post-military construction. Fronting the parade ground along Dalton Drive are houses that originally served as officer housing, and the forts main administration building. Barracks, former cavalry stables, and other types of service buildings line the roads further out from the parade ground. A cluster of buildings at the far eastern end of the property includes one that has been converted into a museum recounting the forts history. Its original buildings were built in the then-popular Colonial Revival style, which was largely continued in later construction at the base.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fort Ethan Allen was authorized by Congress in 1892, which had decided that some measure of permanent defense should be established in the vicinity of the Canada–United States border. It was built on former farmland donated to the federal government, and its buildings were constructed using locally sourced materials.</p><br>
<p>The fort was home to the 10th Cavalry Regiment (from 1909 to 1913); 1st Battalion 77th Field Artillery Regiment; 1st Squadron, 3rd Cavalry (from 1919 to 1941); the 7th Field Artillery, less 2nd Battalion (from 1922 to 1940); the 3rd Battalion, 13th Infantry (from 1928 to 1931); the 2nd Battalion, 7th Field Artillery (from 1933 to 1940); as well as elements of 9th Quartermaster Regiment, and the 84th Quartermaster Battalion.</p><br>
<p>When the 10th Cavalry departed Vermont in 1913, many of its members retired and remained in the area. As a result, many of their descendants still reside in Colchester, Winooski and Burlington.</p><br>
<p>The post was deactivated by the Army in 1944. Part of it was used to enlarge the campus of Saint Michael&#39;s College, parts of the post have been commercially developed, and part comprises Camp Johnson, the headquarters of the Vermont National Guard.</p><br>
<p>While there are some newer structures on the original post (notably college housing and Vermont PBS), the original buildings are put to good use. Various businesses occupy what used to be horse barns; barracks have been converted to apartments, and the "Officers Row" houses are condominiums. An abandoned theater and church are often used for firefighting practice. The former base hospital is a nursing home. Despite all the activity, it is a quiet neighborhood with many families.</p><br>
<p>It includes an 80 ft tall water tower, built in 1893 and the oldest structure of the fort. A campaign to raise money to renovate the tower so visitors may climb it is underway.</p><br>
<p>Ashland Park is a historic early 20th century neighborhood in Lexington, Kentucky, United States. It was named after Ashland, the estate of Kentucky statesman Henry Clay which is located in the eastern portion of the neighborhood. The 600 acre development was designed by the famous landscape architecture firm the Olmsted Brothers of Massachusetts. The neighborhood belongs to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Prominent architectural styles of houses and apartment buildings in the neighborhood include American Foursquare, American Craftsman, Colonial Revival, and Tudor Revival.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood&#39;s boundaries are Ashland Avenue to the west, East Main Street (USA Route 25) to the north, Chinoe Road to the east, and Fontaine Road to the south. The commercial district of Chevy Chase borders Ashland Park on the south. In 2000 the population was 1,864.</p><br>
<p>Monterey State Historic Park is a historic state park in Monterey, California. It includes part or all of the Monterey Old Town Historic District, a historic district that includes 17 contributing buildings and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970. The grounds include California&#39;s first theatre, and the Monterey Custom House, where the American flag was first raised over California.</p><br>
<p>The park is a group of restored historic buildings. The exhibited houses display the cultural diversity that guided Californias transition from a remote Spanish outpost in Las Californias province, to an agricultural Mexican Alta California territory, to USA statehood. These influential adobe houses made up Californias earliest capital and were the site of the state&#39;s first constitutional convention.</p><br>
<p>Today the historic buildings retain their rich heritage, preserving an important part of Californian as well as Spanish, Mexican, and American history. Added to the adobe houses is the park&#39;s Interpretive Center and the Pacific House Museum.</p><br>
<h2>The park</h2><br>
<h3>Custom House</h3><br>
<p>The Custom House, built around 1821 by the Mexican government, is California&#39;s first historic landmark and its oldest public building. It is where the first American Flag was raised on July 7, 1846, declaring California part of the United States. It is a National Historic Landmark (#66000217). It is also a California Historical Landmark (#1).</p><br>
<h3>Cooper-Molera Adobe</h3><br>
<p>The Cooper-Molera is no longer a part of the Monterey State Historic Park. The property is owned and managed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>The Cooper-Molera Adobe was built by John Bautista Rogers Cooper, a sailor, in 1823. He became a merchant and a prominent landowner in Monterey. Cooper&#39;s daughter Amelia married Eusebio Joseph Molera in 1875. The adobe house is a leading example of Spanish building style combined with New England architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Cooper-Molera Adobe was featured in Bob Vilas A&E Network production Guide to Historic Homes of America. In 2015, the exhibits and collections were reassessed in order to better illuminate the lives of the family who lived there. Through the historical collections inventory, the Cooper-Molera Adobes holdings were identified and grouped in various categories. This process illuminated two activities that were of particular interest to the family: animal husbandry and farming (specifically artichoke growing).</p><br>
<h3>Larkin House</h3><br>
<p>The Larkin House, itself designated a National Historic Landmark, combined Spanish building methods with New England architectural features. This created a pattern for the popular "Monterey Colonial" style of architecture. This building is a California Historical Landmark (#106).</p><br>
<h3>First Brick House</h3><br>
<p>Californias first brick house was built in 1847 by Gallant Dickenson. He was the first person to introduce American building techniques to Montereys architectural mix. Previously, Spanish and Mexican construction relied on unfired adobe blocks, which required extremely thick walls to support upper stories and plaster coatings to repel water. In contrast brick could make walls that were much thinner yet far more durable. Dickinson planned to make the house bigger, but left for the California gold fields with only the extant structure completed. It later housed a restaurant.</p><br>
<h3>Colton Hall</h3><br>
<p>In 1849, the California constitution was drafted in both English and Spanish in this building. In 1850 California became the thirty-first state of America. San Jose was then elected as the seat of California state government, ending Montereys years as Californias capital. (The state&#39;s capital changed several times, and Sacramento finally was chosen in 1854.) Reenactments of the state constitutional convention are held every year in Colton Hall during History Week. This building is a California Historical Landmark (#126).</p><br>
<h3>Old Whaling Station</h3><br>
<p>The Old Whaling Station was built as a private home in 1847, but in 1855 became the headquarters and employee housing for the Old Monterey Whaling Company. This building was used to support the shore whaling operations. The unique feature of this establishment is the front walkway, which is made up of whale vertebrae, one of several buildings in the area that prominently feature whalebone. The Old Whaling Station is a reminder of the economic activity in California&#39;s history.</p><br>
<h3>First Theater</h3><br>
<p>This adobe, California&#39;s First Theater, was built by English seaman Jack Swan in 1846-47 as a lodging house and tavern for sailors. He built the wood portion of the building in about 1845. He added the adobe portion in 1847, as the actual theater.</p><br>
<p>It was used as a theatre in 1850 when USA Army officers stationed in Monterey, i.e., Lt. Alfred Sully, and others, produced plays under the direction of Actor/Manager Charles Bingham, and named it "The Union Theatre for the production of Melodramas". Swan built a small stage and provided benches, whale-oil lamps, candles for footlights and blankets as curtains. In later years, the First Theatre was used as a lodging house for whalers, but fell into disrepair after Swan&#39;s death in 1896.</p><br>
<p>It was purchased in 1906 by California Historic Landmarks League and donated to the State of California. In 1937 and until recently, the Troupers of the Gold Coast staged the first melodramas since the 1850s. Because of structural issues, the building is closed to the public except for the Christmas in the Adobes event in December. This building is a California Historical Landmark (#136).</p><br>
<h3>Stevenson House</h3><br>
<p>In 1879, Scottish novelist Robert Louis Stevenson stayed at the French Hotel at 530 Houston Street, now called the Stevenson House after him and dedicated to his memory. Stevenson lived there while recovering his health as he was crossing the United States to court his future wife Fanny Osbourne. While there, he often dined "on the cuff," as he said, at a nearby restaurant run by Frenchman Jules Simoneau which stood at what is now Simoneau Plaza. Several years later, Stevenson sent Simoneau an inscribed copy of his novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886), writing that it would be a stranger case still if Robert Louis Stevenson ever forgot Jules Simoneau. Stevenson wrote some articles for the local Monterey newspaper, including one that beautifully evoked "the Old Pacific Capital."</p><br>
<p>The Stevenson House features a bas relief depicting the sickly author writing in bed, and is California Historical Landmark #352.</p><br>
<h3>Pacific House Museum</h3><br>
<p>The Pacific House was constructed in 1847 during the USA occupation of California. This adobe was used by the USA Army as storage, a hotel, a court house, a tavern, and in later years as offices. The gardens outside were used for bullfights and bear fights. The Pacific House Museum tells the story of Monterey when it was the capital of Spanish and Mexican California, and also contains the Monterey Museum of the American Indian. This building is a California Historical Landmark (#354).</p><br>
<h3>Casa Soberanes</h3><br>
<p>Rafael Estrada constructed the Casa Soberanes, an adobe brick home on a hillside overlooking the bay, during the 1840s. His family lived there until it was sold to the Soberanes family in 1860, who lived there until 1922. The Serranos later purchased and restored the house in the 1920s and 1930s. The house contains furnishings that are a blend of early New England and China trade pieces mixed in with modern Mexican folk art. Casa Soberanes received its nickname—The House of the Blue Gate—from the blue gate at its garden entrance on Pacific Street. Wine bottles, whale bones, and abalone shells border paths meandering through the sheltered garden. This building is a California Historical Landmark (#712).</p><br>
<h3>Casa del Oro</h3><br>
<p>The Casa del Oro—or "House of Gold" in Spanish—is in the Custom House Plaza. Built in 1849 as an army barracks, then as a hospital for sailors run by Thomas Larkin. Later the building was used as general store run by Joseph Boston in the 1850s. The origin of the name could be attributed to a period of time when the building was used as saloon and later as a gold dust exchange for miners. This building is a California Historical Landmark (#532).</p><br>
<h3>Sherman Quarters</h3><br>
<p>The Sherman Quarters were built in 1834 by Thomas Larkin. This small stone building was the quarters for Lieutenant William Tecumseh Sherman in 1847. Sherman later became famous as a Union general during the American Civil War. Later the artist Percy Gray, a California Impressionist, lived there with his new wife from 1923 to 1939.</p><br>
<h3>Doud House</h3><br>
<p>During the 1850s, Francis Doud and his family relocated their initial residence to the rear of the land they owned and constructed the larger Doud House, situated at the present-day 117 Van Buren Street. The Doud House stands as one of the best surviving examples of the first residences built following the American occupation, and embodies the characteristics of an early American Period wooden dwelling. The credit for its construction goes to Francis Doud. Historical accounts suggest that Doud initiated the building process for the current residence on the land he had been residing on since 1852, during the latter part of the 1860s. The property&#39;s title was officially cleared on October 10, 1868. Its historical significance was officially acknowledged in 1917, when it was featured in the California Historical Landmarks in Monterey County.</p><br>
<p>The gardens surrounding the house were dedicated as the Carmel Martin Memorial Garden in 1973. The Monterey History & Art Association took possession of the property in 1969 and embarked on an extensive restoration effort.</p><br>
<p>Washington Park  is a small public, urban park  located in Downtown Dubuque, Iowa, United States. The park encompasses an entire city block, bordered on the north by West 7th Street, on the west by Bluff Street, on the south by West 6th Street, and on the east by Locust Street. The park is located between the city&#39;s post office and the Dubuque Museum of Art.</p><br>
<p>It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The block where Washington Park is located today was one of the original 35 blocks plotted out by surveyor G.W. Harrison in 1833 when the city was founded. From the beginning, the land was set aside for public use. The first church and first jail in Iowa were located on this land. In 1857, the area was designated as Washington Park.</p><br>
<p>In 1877, the Dubuque City Council had all the buildings on the block torn down. Shrubs and flowers were planted, walkways were established, and a 40 ft-high Oriental gazebo was built on the grounds for $200. This gazebo, which was built by local architects Fridolin Heer and Edward Eaescher, was widely viewed as one of the finest pavilions in the area. On August 24, 1877, approximately 2,000 people attended the formal dedication of the park.</p><br>
<p>In 1878, a public drinking fountain was erected in the park. The city paid for half the cost, with the remaining half covered by private donations. A statue of Dr. Henry Cogswell was placed on top of this drinking fountain. Cogswell had promised the city that he would donate a statue for the fountain (which was supposed to be of a local heroine who had walked some distance to stop a train before it could come to a washed out bridge and derail). When the statue was uncovered for the first time, it turned out to be a statue of Cogswell. The statue remained in place until 1900, when a group of vandals pulled the statue down and buried it under what would be a new sidewalk. The following day, the new sidewalk was poured which entombed the object. The water fountain was gone by 1912, however, the statue is rumoured to still be buried under a sidewalk at the park.</p><br>
<p>Public events at the square over the years included Buffalo Bill Cody&#39;s "Authentic Wild West Show" performing in 1896 and President William McKinley giving a speech in 1899.</p><br>
<p>By the beginning of the 20th century, the gazebo was gone. Later, during the 1970s, the park underwent a $60,000 restoration. New trees, flowers, and shrubs were planted. New lights crafted to look like antique gas lamps were placed in the park. A new steel 3/4 size replica of the original gazebo built by Bradley Iron Works was placed on the site. This restoration was made possible by the Dubuque Jaycees who made a large financial contribution to the City of Dubuque. Also the Dubuque Jaycees had put together a time capsule using a donated grave vault. Boxes were handed out to the public who were asked to place items in the boxes and return to the Park when they would be placed in the time capsule. Once the boxes filled the vault it was sealed and buried right next to the southern side of the gazebo under the rock with the plaque that explains it is not to be opened for 100 years. That opening is set for the year 2076.</p><br>
<p>During the summer of 2005, Washington Park underwent further improvements. The streets surrounding the park have been rebuilt, and the walkways in and around the park have been replaced. Lampposts designed to look like late 19th and early 20th century models have also been placed in and around the park. Again without the Dubuque Jaycees large financial contribution this project would have been delayed. The Dubuque Jaycees has a special interest in Washington Park. Numerous times the group has been called upon and responded financially for the betterment of the park. The Group also decorates the park with a holiday theme each and every year.</p><br>
<p>The Fairmount Water Works in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was Philadelphias second municipal waterworks. Designed in 1812 by Frederick Graff and built between 1812 and 1872, it operated until 1909, winning praise for its design and becoming a popular tourist attraction. It now houses a restaurant and an interpretive center that explains the waterworks purpose and local watershed history. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its architecture and its engineering innovations. It was the nation&#39;s first water supply to use paddle wheels to move water.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>18th century</h3><br>
<p>Following a series of yellow fever epidemics in the late 18th century, which was at the time thought to be caused by unclean water or by rotting matter in the streets, city leaders appointed a "Watering Committee". The initial water system was designed by Benjamin Latrobe and accepted by the committee in 1799. His system utilized two steam engines in series to pump water from the Schuylkill River, into the city, then into two wooden tanks that held a total of just 57,000 USgal. From the wooden tanks, the water was gravity fed into a series of wooden water mains. The system was plagued with problems. If either of the steam engines failed, the water supply to the city was cut off.</p><br>
<p>The committee began searching for another solution and eventually picked John Davis and Frederick Graff, Latrobe&#39;s apprentice and successor as chief engineer, to design a new waterworks, in order to meet the demand of the increasing numbers of city residents and to solve the problem of inadequate storage capacity.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The Fairmount Water Works was initially constructed between 1812 and 1815 on the east bank of the Schuylkill River. The Water Works initially consisted of a 3 e6USgal earthen reservoir atop Faire Mount at the present site of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and a pump house with two steam engines to pump water. Between 1819 and 1821, a 1,600 ft dam was built across the Schuylkill to direct water to a Mill House with three water wheels that replaced the steam engines in 1822. Later, Jonval turbines were used to lift the water in a New Mill House and in the renovated Old Mill House.</p><br>
<p>The facility, the industrial nature of which was disguised by a Classical Revival exterior, became a tourist attraction for its beauty and its location on the riverside. Visitors included Charles Dickens, who praised it for its pleasant design and public usefulness. Another English visitor, Fanny Trollope, in her 1832 book Domestic Manners of the Americans, mentioned the Water Works:</p><br>
<p>There is one spot, however, about a mile from the town, which presents a lovely scene. The water-works of Philadelphia have not yet perhaps as wide extended fame as those of Marley, but they are not less deserving it. At a most beautiful point of the Schuylkill River the water has been forced up into a magnificent reservoir, ample and elevated enough to send it through the whole city. The vast yet simple machinery by which this is achieved is open to the public, who resort in such numbers to see it, that several evening stages run from Philadelphia to Fair Mount for their accommodation.</p><br>
<p>The Fairmount Water Works eventually closed in 1909 when several newer and more technologically updated facilities were built.</p><br>
<h4>Fairmount Dam</h4><br>
<p>Completed in 1822, Fairmount Dam cut diagonally across the river, channeled water into the Waterworks, and acted as a spillway. The Schuylkill is a tidal river, so it also prevented brackish water in the Delaware River from mixing with the fresh water. Above it, the dam created the "Schuylkill Pond", several miles of tranquil water used for recreation.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>After the waterworks closed in 1909 the facility was used for several purposes, including the Philadelphia Aquarium, which closed in 1962, and an indoor swimming pool which closed in 1973. Attempts have been made to return the waterworks to its previous position as an engaging tourist attraction. Despite a severe fire which caused setbacks to the restoration, an interpretive center has now been added and tours are regularly given. Its position near Boathouse Row and the Philadelphia Museum of Art is hoped to aid in making it a regularly visited tourist site once more.</p><br>
<p>The Fairmount Water Works buildings now house the Fairmount Water Works Interpretive Center (FWWIC), a hands-on science and environmental educational center, created by the Philadelphia Water Department. The FWWIC offers interactive exhibits, lectures, events, and school programs.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>In December 2004, Michael Karloutsos won a 25-year, $120,000/year lease with the Fairmount Park Commission. After a highly publicized renovation, Karloutsos opened Water Works Restaurant and Lounge within the Water Works on July 20, 2006. This restaurant closed in 2015, and an event venue opened shortly thereafter.</p><br>
<p>The Windover Archeological Site is a Middle Archaic  archaeological site and National Historic Landmark in Brevard County near Titusville, Florida, United States on the central east coast of the state. Windover is a muck pond where skeletal remains of 168 individuals were found buried in the peat at the bottom of the pond. The skeletons were well preserved because of the peat. In addition, remarkably well-preserved brain tissue has been recovered from 91 skulls from the site. DNA from the brain tissue has been sequenced. The collection of human skeletal remains and artifacts recovered from Windover Pond represent among the largest finds of each type from the Archaic Period. It is considered one of the most important archeological sites ever excavated.</p><br>
<p>The Windover dig site is a small pond, about 1/4 acre in area, that has held water continuously since sometime between 9000 and 8000 BC. It is next to the Atlantic Coastal Ridge about 5 mi from Cape Canaveral. As the sea level was considerably lower 7,000 to 8,000 years ago than it is today, the pond originally sat above the water table, and was filled only by rainfall and runoff from the surrounding land. At that time the pond had a relatively thin layer of peat under a thin layer of water. The subsequent rise in sea level raised the local water table and in more recent times the pond has been fed by groundwater as well as rainfall. In 1984, the pond had a thick layer of peat, with five strata described by the archaeologists who excavated the pond. The peat in the center of the pond was covered by 6 ft of water.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and excavation</h2><br>
<p>The site was discovered in 1982 when work began on building a road across the pond in a new housing development, Windover Farms. A backhoe operator noticed several skulls in the bucket of his machine. The sheriff and medical examiner determined that the burials were not recent. The local forensic expert originally believed he was examining modern Caucasian remains.</p><br>
<p>The developers, Jack Eckerd and Jim Swann, halted construction at the pond and called in archaeologists. Radiocarbon dating on two bones excavated from the pond by the backhoe, paid for by the developers, yielded dates of 7,210 years and 7,320 years Before Present, establishing the importance of the find. The developers changed their overall plans in order to preserve the pond and donated $60,000 worth of pumping equipment to drain the pond for excavation.</p><br>
<p>The state approved funding to excavate the pond in 1984. The work was carried out under the direction of Glen Doran and David Dickel of Florida State University. The buried bones were 6 ft or deeper beneath the surface of the peat at the bottom of the pond, under 3 to 10 ft of water. Researchers used a network of 160 wells around the pond to lower the water table enough to permit excavation of the peat. The workers used shovels and hand tools to remove the peat until the level of the burials was reached. One of the lead archaeologists compared excavating the peat to trying to dig chocolate mousse under water. Only half of the pond was excavated, with the remainder left undisturbed for future investigation.</p><br>
<h2>Human remains</h2><br>
<p>The remains found included bones of males and females of all ages from infants to about 60 years, a total of 168 individuals. The average height of adult males was 5 ft. Children constituted about half the remains. Skeletons showed the effects of disease and healed wounds, allowing forensic studies. Many bones of children showed interrupted growth, perhaps due to severe disease or malnutrition. Osteoporosis was evident in older females. Adults of both sexes exhibited a high incidence of osteoarthritis, which is another continuing problem for humans. Some skeletons showed wounds from conflict that were likely the cause of death. The pelvis of one male had a bone spear point embedded in it. Others had severe skull fractures.</p><br>
<p>Children and teenagers were buried with more grave goods than were adults, indicating the high value placed on children. Skeletons included one of a male aged about 15 who had spina bifida. All of his bones were found to have been fragile. One of his feet was missing and the stump of his lower leg had healed. As his spinal condition almost certainly meant the boy was paralyzed below the waist, this find was important for assessing the society&#39;s commitment to ensuring his survival for 15 years in a hunter-gatherer community.</p><br>
<p>While some of the remains were mixed, about 100 undisturbed burials were found with fully articulated bones, in roughly the correct position and relationship in the body. Most were buried in a flexed position, on their left sides, and with their heads toward the west. The bodies were held down in the graves by sharpened stakes. The bodies were buried in clusters, in five or six episodes of short duration that were scattered over a thousand years. Thirty-seven of the graves contained woven fabrics which demonstrate a relatively complex weaving technique and indicate that the bodies had been wrapped for burial.</p><br>
<p>In late 1984, archaeologists discovered that brain tissue had survived in many of the skulls. Lumps of greasy, brownish material were found in several skulls when they were opened for examination. Suspecting that this was brain tissue, the researchers sent the intact skulls for X-ray, CAT scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which showed recognizable brain structures. In addition, cell structures were seen under a microscope. At least 90 of the recovered bodies had brain tissue that survived, due to the preservative effects of the peat. The state of preservation of the brain tissues allowed a determination that the bodies were buried in the peat within 24 to 48 hours after death. This preservation allowed researchers to sequence DNA from the brains. The DNA indicated that the Windover peoples&#39; DNA "carried genetic markers that link them to ancient populations from Asia" and that "they do not match any native populations alive in North America today." The DNA also indicated that one family had used this grave site for over a century.</p><br>
<p>Gut contents were found with many of the burials. These included seeds of wild grapes, elderberries, and prickly pear fruit, often in large quantities. The people&#39;s teeth were worn down early in life, presumably from sand in the food, but few had cavities.</p><br>
<h2>Artifacts</h2><br>
<p>Many artifacts that were deposited with the bodies were also preserved. Archaeologists were able to recover a total of 86 pieces of fabric from 37 graves. These included seven different textile weaves, which appeared to have been used for clothing, bags, matting, and possibly blankets and ponchos. Numerous other artifacts, such as atlatls and projectile points, were also found at Windover. The occupants of Windover hunted animals, fished, and gathered plants. They used bottle gourds for storage, which comprise the earliest evidence for vegetable container storage discovered in North America. Animal bones and shells found in the graves indicated that the people ate white-tailed deer, raccoon, opossum, birds, fish, and shellfish.</p><br>
<h2>Water burials</h2><br>
<p>Windover is one of a number of Archaic period sites in Florida with underwater burials in peat. Similar burials occurred at Little Salt Spring (in Sarasota County) 5,200 to 6,800 years ago, Bay West (in Collier County) 5,940 to 6,840 years ago, and Republic Grove (in Hardee County) 5,690 to 6,470 years ago. A site currently 21 ft below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico near Venice, Florida, the Manasota Key Offshore site, was discovered in 2016. It has multiple burials in multiple areas. The burial site was a freshwater peat pond when the burials occurred 7,200 years ago.</p><br>
<p>At Windover, stakes were driven into the peat through fabrics wrapped around the bodies. Similar stakes were found associated with burials at Bay West, Republic Grove, and Manasota Key Offshore. The stakes may have been used to help hold the bodies underwater. There were also burials (although not in peat) in the sinkhole at Warm Mineral Springs, dating from as much as 12,000 years ago. Robin Brown notes in connection with these underwater burials that many Native American groups have a tradition that spirits of the dead are blocked by water. As recently as 1,500 to 2,000 years ago, bundled, defleshed bones were stored on a wooden platform set in the middle of a pond at Fort Center.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Windover Pond is one of a number of sites in Florida excavated since 1970 that have led to a major reassessment of the Archaic period in Florida. Jerald T. Milanich states that Windover has provided "unprecedented and dramatic" information about the early Archaic people in Florida, and that the Windover site may be "one of the most significant archaeological sites ever excavated." The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987 in recognition of this significance.</p><br>
<p>Icehouse Bottom is a prehistoric Native American site in Monroe County, Tennessee, located on the Little Tennessee River in the southeastern United States. Native Americans were using the site as a semi-permanent hunting camp as early as 7500 BC, making it one of the oldest-known habitation areas in Tennessee. Analysis of the site&#39;s Woodland period  artifacts shows evidence of an extensive trade network that reached to indigenous peoples in Georgia, North Carolina, and Ohio. This was later an area of known Cherokee settlements, the people encountered by Anglo-European settlers in the 18th and 19th centuries.</p><br>
<p>Since 1979, the Icehouse Bottom site has been submerged by Tellico Lake, an impoundment of the Little Tennessee River created by the construction of Tellico Dam. Excavations were conducted at the site in the early 1970s prior to dam construction, in anticipation of inundation. Tellico Lake was developed by and is managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the shoreline immediately above the Icehouse Bottom site is part of the McGhee-Carson Unit of the Tellico Lake Wildlife Management Area, which is managed by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Little Tennessee River enters Monroe County from the east, through a water gap between the Great Smoky Mountains and the Unicoi Mountains. It winds westward for some 40 mi before emptying into the Tennessee River near Lenoir City. Tellico Lake, created in 1979, covers the lower 33 mi of the Little Tennessee and the lower 22 mi of the Tellico River.</p><br>
<p>Icehouse Bottom is an archeological site of ancient human occupation that was located along the south bank of the Little Tennessee. Prior to construction of the dam and creation of Tellico Lake, this site was approximately 21 mi above the mouth of the river at its confluence with the Tennessee River, and nearly 2 mi above the river&#39;s confluence with the Tellico River. The site was located immediately downstream from the base of a steep hill known as Rockcrusher Bluff.</p><br>
<p>The McGhee-Carson Unit of the Tellico Lake Wildlife Management Area includes what was once the top of Rockcrusher Bluff. When Tellico Lake was filled and flooded the area, the bluff became a peninsula. The entrance to McGhee-Carson is located along Tennessee State Route 360 (Citico Road), a few miles south of the road&#39;s junction with USA Route 411. Carson Road traverses the unit, ending abruptly at the lakeshore above what was once Icehouse Bottom.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although little historical information regarding Icehouse Bottom is available, numerous historical areas later developed within a two-mile (3-km) radius. Fort Loudoun, a frontier fort built in 1756, was located about one mile to the north, and the Tellico Blockhouse, a federal trading outpost built in 1794, was located slightly more than a mile to the northeast. The Overhill Cherokee villages of Tomotley and Toqua were located opposite Rockcrusher Bluff to the south. The Overhill village of Tuskegee, which is best known as the birthplace of the Cherokee scholar Sequoyah, was located northwest of the Icehouse Bottom site.</p><br>
<p>In 1819, the Cherokee sold the Overhill territory south of the Little Tennessee River, which included all of what is now Monroe County, to the United States government. Shortly thereafter, an early settler known as "Pioneer" John McGhee purchased several thousand acres along the Little Tennessee River, including the Icehouse Bottom site. He developed some plantations in the area. By the early 20th century the Icehouse Bottom site was within the boundaries of a tobacco farm owned by John Carson. Carson&#39;s family owned the land when the Tennessee Valley Authority began buying property along the river for the creation of the Tellico Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Although it is unclear how Icehouse Bottom got its name, historian Carson Brewer wrote of a McGhee family story that recalled an "ice-house" located in the 19th century on their lands in the Little Tennessee Valley. According to Brewer, a hole about 30 ft in circumference would be dug in winter, and ice would be cut from the river or a frozen stream, placed in the hole, and covered with sand. This preserved the ice through the following summer.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>In 1967, the Tennessee Valley Authority began construction on Tellico Dam at the mouth of the Little Tennessee; it purchased some 22,000 acre along the rivers shoreline. That same year, the University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology, under contract with the National Park Service, began a survey of the valley to determine its archaeological resources and to select sites for excavation prior to inundation. Although project members initially were given two years before the dam was expected to become operational, litigation over environmental concerns pushed the dams operational date to 1979.</p><br>
<p>This allowed for much more extensive archaeological work at the Little Tennessee Valley sites, which was important when their great age became known. Excavations were carried out at Icehouse Bottom in 1969, 1970, 1971, and 1977. The sites location in the rivers flood plain meant that each heavy rain had added a fresh layer of earth to the site, making it easy to stratify.</p><br>
<h3>Archaic period inhabitants</h3><br>
<p>The 1969-71 excavations uncovered the charred remains of numerous clay hearths situated along the river. Radiocarbon dating has established the date of the earliest of these hearths at around 7500 BC, during the Early Archaic period (8000-6000 BC). This is one of the oldest-known semi-permanent habitation sites within the boundaries of present-day Tennessee. Some of these hearths still displayed impressions made by netting or basketry resting on the clay while it was still moist. Other Archaic-period artifacts uncovered at Icehouse Bottom include a unique type of Early Archaic bifurcate projectile point and Late Archaic (3000-1000 BC) netsinkers.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the Archaic period, Icehouse Bottom was likely used as a "base camp" and occupied by indigenous peoples on a seasonal or other semi-permanent basis. The camp consisted of several dozen dwellings that were built along several hundred feet along the river terrace. Rockcrusher Bluff contains various outcroppings of chert, which would have been sought for use in making tools and weapons. The early inhabitants of Icehouse Bottom had a diet primarily of white-tailed deer, black bear, acorns, and hickory nuts. They also hunted and ate smaller animals, including squirrel and rabbit.</p><br>
<h3>Woodland period inhabitants</h3><br>
<p>The Woodland-period (1000 BC-1000 AD) material recovered is notable primarily for the presence of maize, an important crop cultivated by indigenous peoples, that dates to as early as 100 AD. Because maize could be grown and stored, it supported increases in population density and the development of centers with a variety of skilled artisans. The Woodland period materials also include non-local pottery sherds, attesting to the people being part of a large trading network. Pottery fragments show that the site&#39;s inhabitants were interacting with people of other Middle Woodland sites around the region, including the Hopewell people of the Ohio valley. Woodland-period human burials and cremations have frequently been found in the Icehouse Bottom vicinity.</p><br>
<p>Icehouse Bottom may have been a manufacturing center of sorts during the Middle Woodland period. Sherds confirm a trade network that included not only the Hopewell centers, but also the Sylva and Garden Creek areas of North Carolina, the McMahan Indian Mounds a few miles to the east in what is now Sevierville, and sites as far away as Georgia. Several sherds uncovered at the Hopewell site in Ohio were probably manufactured at Icehouse Bottom. Icehouse Bottom may have also served as a regional distribution center for mica. The site appeared to have declined in use after the Middle Woodland period, although a few fragments indicative of the early Mississippian period have been found.</p><br>
<p>Hawthorn Hill is the house that served as the post-1914 home of Orville, Milton and Katharine Wright. Located in Oakwood, Ohio, Wilbur and Orville Wright intended for it to be their joint home, but Wilbur died in 1912, before the home&#39;s 1914 completion. The brothers hired the prominent Dayton architectural firm of Schenck and Williams to realize their plans. Orville and his father Milton and sister Katharine occupied the home in 1914.</p><br>
<p>Though the property now comprises three acres (1.2 ha), the mansion originally sat on 17 acre. The Wrights named the property after the hawthorn trees found on the property. There are at least 150 hawthorn trees on the site.</p><br>
<p>Orville Wright designed some of the mechanical features of the house such as the water storage tank used to collect and recycle rainwater, and the central vacuum system; these features reflect his creative genius. For 34 years, this house was the gathering place for the greats and near-greats in the history of American aviation.</p><br>
<p>The home was owned by the NCR Corporation after Orvilles death until August 18, 2006, when the company donated the historic home to the Wright Family Foundation in honor of Orvilles 135th birthday and National Aviation Day. NCR used it as a guesthouse for corporate VIPs and for corporate functions. On occasion they opened the home to the general public.</p><br>
<p>In September 2007, Dayton History, in cooperation with the Wright Family Foundation, began offering scheduled public tours of Hawthorn Hill.</p><br>
<p>NCR extensively redecorated the mansions interior after Orvilles death. Only Orvilles study approximates its pre-1948 appearance. However, Edward A. Deeds, then-chairman of the National Cash Register Company, sent a photographer to the home immediately following Orvilles death to visually record the interior of the house at that time.</p><br>
<p>The USA Secretary of the Interior designated Hawthorn Hill a National Historic Landmark in 1991 and added it to the USA World Heritage Tentative List in January 2008 as a part of the Dayton Aviation Sites listing. It is a component of the National Aviation Heritage Area.</p><br>
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<p>Tettegouche State Park is a Minnesota state park on the north shore of Lake Superior 58 mi northeast of Duluth in Lake County on scenic Minnesota Highway 61. The parks name stems from the Tettegouche Club, an association of local businessmen which purchased the park in 1910 from the Alger-Smith Lumber Company. The clubs members protected the area until its sale in 1971 to the deLaittres family. In 1979, the state of Minnesota acquired 3,400 acre from the Nature Conservancy, including Tettegouche Camp. The land was added to Baptism River State Park, which was renamed Tettegouche State Park.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The park is 9,346 acre and contains six inland lakes (four of which support northern pike and one supports walleye fishing), four waterfalls, and a beach on Lake Superior. The 70 ft waterfall High Falls located on the Baptism River is the highest waterfall located entirely within Minnesota. The park contains 22 mi of hiking trails, 12 mi of ski trails, and access to the Superior Hiking Trail. Tettegouche is bordered to the north by the Finland State Forest and shares the Red Dot motorized trail with it. The trail is for use by all-terrain vehicles and snowmobiles and is the only ATV trail in a state park.</p><br>
<p>The park is one of only four state parks in Minnesota offering rock climbing. Both Shovel Point and Palisade Head cliffs are popular spots offering climbing above the Lake Superior shore.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Common wildlife seen at this park includes the white-tail deer, hawk, woodpecker, red squirrel, snowshoe hare, weasel, and beaver. Other wildlife that often roam in this park are Canadian lynx, moose, black bear, river otter, and red fox. On occasion, the timber wolf, coyote, fisher, marten and northern flying squirrel can be seen by visitors. The park also has peregrine falcons that nest in the cliffs along Lake Superior.</p><br>
<h2>Amenities</h2><br>
<p>The park contains several camping areas, with drive-in, cart-in, walk-in and kayak-in sites. The Tettegouche Camp on Mic Mac Lake is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and features four hike-to cabins. One drive-up cabin is available at Illgen Falls. The parking lot at the entrance to the park also serves as a highway rest area, with a visitor center open year-round, electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, and restrooms and vending machines accessible 24 hours a day. The Baptism River Campground has campsites with and without electric hookups, and a heated building open year-round, with flush toilets and showers; it is the only Minnesota State Park with operational showers in winter. Firewood can be purchased at the park entrance year-round. Five picnic areas are also available with fire rings and tables.</p><br>
<p>El Cuartelejo, or El Quartelejo ,</p><br>
<p>Some people fled to the Arkansas River area of present-day Kiowa County, Colorado. Juan de Ulibarri came to the Arkansas River area of Colorado in 1706 to capture and return Pueblo Native Americans who fled Nuevo Mexico in 1680.</p><br>
<p>In Kansas, an archeological district is the site of a Plains Apache and Puebloan village. It is the northernmost Native American pueblo and the only known pueblo in Kansas. Located in Lake Scott State Park, the remains of the stone and adobe pueblo are situated 13 miles north of Scott City, Kansas, in Ladder Creek Canyon.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, El Cuartelejo Archaeologist District (14SC1) was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Puebloan and Apache people</h2><br>
<p>People of the Dismal River culture lived at the Kansas site from about 1450. The semisedentary western Apache people lived in huts in El Cuartelejo in what is now eastern Colorado by 1640.</p><br>
<p>Silvestre Vélez de Escalante of the Domínguez–Escalante expedition wrote in 1778:</p><br>
<p>In the 1600s, Puebloan Native Americans revolted against Spanish priests and rulers of Nuevo México, who had instituted encomienda, which was a form of slavery. Spanish landholders were given people from the pueblo to work and live with them, during which they would cultivate crops or generate other products. In exchange, the landholder was responsible for their welfare, which included suppressing their spiritual practices.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the 1600s, Puebloans moved north from what is now New Mexico to live in the Great Plains of western Kansas and eastern Colorado with the Cuartelejo Apache, perhaps as early as 1620. People from the Taos Pueblo met up with the Cuartelejo Apache after the pueblo revolt of 1640 and in 1664, followed in 1696 by a group from the Picuris Pueblo as well as Tewa Puebloans, mostly from Santa Clara Pueblo.</p><br>
<p>In 1642, Juan de Archuleta led a Spanish expedition to capture and return the Puebloan Native Americans to Nuevo Mexico. Another expedition was led by Juan de Ulibarrí in 1706 to return another group of refugees back to Nuevo Mexico. There were at least five El Cuartelejo rancherias visited by Ulibarri&#39;s men. The main village was the site of the El Cuartelejo Ruins on Ladder Creek. Ulbarri called it Santa Domingo and made this his headquarters as people were rounded up by his men from other villages. Another location in Kansas was 20 miles northwest of present-day Scott City. There were three other locations.</p><br>
<p>The Villasur expedition of 1720 passed through El Cuartelejo with the objective of thwarting the control of the French within the Plains. They were defeated by the Pawnee in what is now Nebraska. French traders were at El Cuartelejo in 1727.</p><br>
<p>The Comanche, who rode on horseback, sought to control the Arkansas Valley of what is now eastern Colorado during the early eighteen century. The Apache were pushed out of southeastern Colorado by the mid-1720s. In the meantime, French and allied Pawnee and Witchita people sought to control land to the east of the valley in Kansas. In response, Spanish troops fought against the threat by the Comanche, French, and allied Native Americans. The Cuartelejo Apache left the Kansas area by the 1730s. They were pushed south by the Pawnee, Comanche and Ute people. El Cuartelejo was abandoned and the Apache who survived the raids settled with the Jicarilla Apache at the Pecos Pueblo. The Comanche dominated the region by 1760. They controlled the trade networks of the Spanish in the southwest and the Pawnee and Wichita in the eastern plains.</p><br>
<h2>Pueblo and archaeological sites in Kansas</h2><br>
<p>The site is located in Ladder Creek Canyon, where there were natural springs and streams.</p><br>
<p>The ruins are of a former Puebloan structure. The former seven-room structure It is similar to structures of pueblos of the southwest, with grinding trough, ovens, and slab-lines hearths. It also had raised platforms for sitting or sleeping. The building, made of plastered stone walls, had a roof constructed of willow poles and plastered brush. People entered the building by climbing a ladder and entering from the top; there were no doors or windows. The structure is believed to be the northernmost pueblo built in North America.</p><br>
<p>Along with the pueblo, there were twenty five other related archaeological sites. Artifacts were generally those of the Plains Apache of the Dismal River culture, but there are also artifacts and pueblo structures from the southwestern pueblo cultures. Irrigation ditches from a nearby spring were used to water their crops.</p><br>
<h3>Herbert and Eliza Steele</h3><br>
<p>In 1888, Herbert Steele and his wife Eliza homesteaded in western Kansas. They lived in a dugout until their sandstone house was completed. On the land previously inhabited by Apache and Puebloans, they found Native American stone and other artifacts on the site and wondered about the mounds of dirt on the land. They contacted archaeologists about the site, which led to excavations at the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, two acres of the Steeles land that included the pueblo ruins was given to the Kansas Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) so that it could be appreciated by the public. The DAR erected a monument in 1925. The Steeles house is used as a museum for the Lake Scott State Park.</p><br>
<h3>Excavations</h3><br>
<p>From 1898 to 1900, the site was excavated by archaeologists S. W. Williston and H.T. Martin from the University of Kansas. They found that Apache of the Dismal River culture inhabited the site before and after the cohabitation with the Puebloans. They uncovered walls of the pueblo and within the rooms they found animal bones, lithics, ceramics, and a large quantity of corn. The pueblo architecture is of southwestern origin. Pottery were in the styles of both Northern Rio Grande Puebloans and Plains Native Americans. Based upon the presence of charcoal and burnt artifacts within the charred adobe, Williston and Martin believed that it was destroyed by fire.</p><br>
<p>The Smithsonian Institution excavation of 1939, led by Waldo Wedel, which focused south and north of the pueblo (site code 14SC1). A few meters from the pueblo, a circular bell-shaped pit and a cache pit were found that contained hundreds of stone tools and about 4,000 Dismal River ceramic fragments. There were pipe fragments similar to the ones from the northern Rio Grande pueblos. Charcoal, numerous animal bones, three Olivella shells, and other discarded items were also found there. According to the artifacts, the Nuevo Mexican women continued to make pottery and cook as they had in their homeland.</p><br>
<p>Nebraska Historical Society conducted excavations in 1970, 1975, and 1976, led by A. T. Hill. They found a roasting pit below the pueblo, which meant that people of the Dismal River culture lived there before they cohabitated with the Puebloans. Artifacts included items from the Dismal River culture, Tewa Polychrome pottery from the southwest, and clay pipes. Archaeologists from the University of Oklahoma and University of Iowa have led excavations since the 1970s, which helped date the occupations.</p><br>
<h3>Reconstruction</h3><br>
<p>Starting with the initial excavation, the archaeological sites have degraded, with damage to the pueblo ruins and removal of artifacts by amateur archaeologists. After the excavations of the 1970s, partial walls of the pueblo were reconstructed to show the layout of the pueblo as it appeared in 1898.</p><br>
<h3>Historic landmark and park</h3><br>
<p>In 1964, the El Cuartelejo Archaeologist District was made a National Historic Landmark, which protects its resources and resulted in a reconstruction of the walls. and are owned by the Kansas State Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. The site is maintained by the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism.</p><br>
<p>A model of the pueblo, early Native American camp scenes, as well as artifacts and fossils from El Cuartelejo are on display at the El Quartelejo Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Colorado</h2><br>
<p>Some of the Nuevo Mexico refugees lived with Apache in what is now eastern Colorado at the Arkansas and Purgatoire Rivers, near the site of 19th-century Bent&#39;s Fort. Other bands of Apache lived north along the Smoky Hill and Republican Rivers of eastern Colorado. Pottery from related archaeological sites were of the Padouca Apache and other Apache bands, as well as some Pueblo pottery. The Apache lived in the rancherias, with huts or houses around a central plaza. They lived there except when they hunted buffalo in northeastern Colorado.</p><br>
<p>A group of people from the Taos Pueblo moved to El Cuartelejo rancherías north of the Arkansas River by 1640, there were already Pueblo refugees living with the Apache. By 1710, Comanche and Utes attacked Apache rancherias. In 1726, Padoucas from Kansas led French traders west to El Cuartelejo, closer to their goal of Nuevo Mexico, where they hoped to establish trade with the Spanish.</p><br>
<p>From 1710 to 1735, the Comanche attacked Apache rancherias. The Palomas Apache joined the Cuartelejo Apache at El Cuarto in the Las Animas district along the Arkansas River. The Comanche attacked from the west and drove the bands of Apache, including the Carlanas and Chilpaines, out of the region. The El Cuartelejo settlements were abandoned and they established rancherías near the Pecos Pueblo in Nuevo México. Some Apache moved to the plains east of Nuevo México.</p><br>
<p>French men occupied the El Cuartelejo rancherias in 1748 where they established trading posts. They traded with the Comanche.</p><br>
<p>The Berkeley City Club is a historic hotel at 2315 Durant Avenue in Berkeley, California. It was commissioned as the club house of the Berkeley Womens City Club, organized in 1927 to contribute to social, civic, and cultural progress. This private club is no longer restricted to women, and the club house building is available to the public at large for overnight stays, weddings, and other occasions. On the second floor, the club also houses Julias Restaurant and Morgan&#39;s Bar & Lounge.</p><br>
<p>The building, constructed in 1929 and officially opened in 1930, is one of the outstanding works of noted California architect Julia Morgan. The San Francisco-born Morgan was the first woman to gain admission and earn a certificate from the Ecole de Beaux-Arts in Paris (1902) and the first licensed female architect in California. She designed nearly 100 women&#39;s-organization buildings throughout her career.</p><br>
<p>Her interpretation of Moorish and Gothic elements in the Berkeley Womens City Club created a landmark of California design. It is registered as California Historical Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NPS-77000282). The cares for the building itself. Along with many other stewards of Julia Morgan properties, BCCC joined in the California Cultural and Historical Endowments Julia Morgan 2012 Project.</p><br>
<p>The Big Well is a large historic water well in Greensburg, Kansas, United States. Visitors enter the well for a fee, descending an illuminated stairway to the bottom of the well.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It began construction in 1887 at a cost of $45,000 to provide water for the Santa Fe and Rock Island railroads and finished construction in 1888. It served as the municipal water supply until 1932. It was designated a National Museum in 1972; in 1973 it was awarded an American Water Landmark by the American Water Works Association. Under the name of "Greensburg Well," it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) since 1972. In 2008, the well was named one of the 8 Wonders of Kansas.</p><br>
<p>Although it is billed as the worlds largest hand-dug well, at 109 ft deep and 32 ft in diameter, the Well of Joseph in the Cairo Citadel at 280 ft deep and the Pozzo di San Patrizio (St. Patricks Well) built in 1527 in Orvieto, Italy, at 61 m deep by 13 m wide are both actually larger.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The Big Wells construction in 1887 utilized many engineering techniques from the late 19th century. According to The Kansas Sampler Foundation, crews of 12-15 men utilized, pickaxes, shovels, ropes, pulleys, and barrels. The casing of the well was made from stones brought from the Medicine River roughly twelve miles south of Greensburg that were brought over via wagons. Slatted wagons were used to haul dirt away from the well. Whenever a low spot was reached in the wagon, the slats were opened, allowing level ground to be created around the area. As the wells construction continued, a wide shaft was cribbed and braced every twelve feet with two by twelve inch planks for safety reasons in concern of the workers. Utilizing these braces, soil was hoisted up in barrels to continue the digging. After the stones were fitted around them, the braces were sawed off. When the well had reached roughly 109 feet in depth, perforated pipe was driven horizontally into gravel containing water, which aided in bringing water into the basin.</p><br>
<h2>Visitor center</h2><br>
<p>The well had a visitor center detailing the history of the well&#39;s construction. On May 4, 2007, a tornado hit Greensburg, destroying the center. The well reopened on May 26, 2012.</p><br>
<p>The new visitor center, also known as the Big Well Museum, contains a circular timeline of the city of Greensburg in three stages, including the beginnings of Greensburg, the Tornadic event, and the Eco-Friendly Rebuilding of Greensburg. The Big Well Museum contains information on the formation of tornadoes and explains the meteorological phenomenon that took place to spawn such an event. There are interactive pull-outs in the walls, as well as televisions, cards, and infographics depicting historical events, interviews, tragedies, model survival kits, and other tornado related items. Around the museum are elements of storm debris, including stop signs, street signs, clocks, and tornado sirens, including the remains of Greensburg&#39;s Federal Signal Thunderbolt siren destroyed by the tornado. A Sentry 10v was installed during the rebuilding to replace it.</p><br>
<p>The visitor center also displayed a Brenham half-ton (1,000 lb, 450 kg) pallasite meteorite recovered from the area. The meteorite was billed as the world&#39;s largest single-piece pallasite, but that title is held by other samples. It was reported that the Big Well visitor center was destroyed, and the meteorite was missing on May 7. The meteorite, which was insured for $1 million, was later located underneath a collapsed wall and was displayed temporarily at the Sternberg Museum of Natural History in Hays, Kansas while the new building was being built. It has returned to the reconstructed museum site.</p><br>
<p>The Olivas Adobe in Ventura, California is an adobe structure built in 1837 by Raymundo Olivas on the north bank of the Santa Clara River about a mile from the estuary where it flows into the Santa Barbara Channel.</p><br>
<p>Olivas received, in recognition of his service at the Presidio of Santa Barbara, approximately 2,250 acre as part of land grant from Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado in 1841, which he named Rancho San Miguel. The land had originally been part of grazing area for the cattle herds of Mission San Buenaventura but was appropriated during the secularization of the missions lands.</p><br>
<p>Olivas built the adobe home in 1837, and expanded it in 1849 to two stories, making it the only such building in the area. He and his wife and their 21 children lived here until 1899. It later became Max Fleischmann&#39;s hunting lodge (of yeast and margarine fame). After his death, his foundation donated the land and the house to the City of Ventura.</p><br>
<p>The Olivas Adobe is registered as California Historical Landmark #115 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Star Film Company headed by Gaston Méliès shot a silent film in 1913 here called “The Gringo Strikes” which featured a Robin Hood-like character in old Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The Croll Building, in Alameda, California, was the site of Croll&#39;s Gardens and Hotel, famous as training quarters for some of the greatest fighters in boxing history from 1883 to 1914. James J. Corbett, Bob Fitzsimmons, Jim Jefferies, Jack Johnson, and many other champions all stayed and trained here.</p><br>
<p>Today this building is home to 1400 Bar & Grill. The stained glass, elaborate etched windows, and carved wooden bar remain as they were when Neptune Beach was a popular attraction.</p><br>
<p>The second floor of the building is currently a residential hotel, with the third floor of the building being office space.</p><br>
<p>The building is registered as California Historical Landmark; and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NPS-82000960). It is located at the corner of Webster Street and Central Avenue. A large "Croll&#39;s" neon sign marks the location.</p><br>
<p>Como Bluff is a long ridge extending east–west, located between the towns of Rock River and Medicine Bow, Wyoming. The ridge is an anticline, formed as a result of compressional geological folding. Three geological formations, the Sundance, the Morrison, and the Cloverly Formations, containing fossil remains from the Late Jurassic of the Mesozoic Era are exposed.</p><br>
<p>Nineteenth-century paleontologists discovered many well-preserved specimens of dinosaurs, as well as mammals, turtles, crocodilians, and fish from the Morrison Formation. Because of this, Como Bluff is considered to be one of the major sites for the early discovery of dinosaur remains. Among the species discovered is the only known specimen of Coelurus. Significant discoveries were made in 22 different areas scattered along the entire length of the ridge. It is included on the National Register of Historic Places as well as the National Natural Landmark list.</p><br>
<h2>History of discovery</h2><br>
<p>The discovery of dinosaurs at Como Bluff has been recounted numerous times, most notably by Schuchert and LeVene, Shur, Ostrom and McIntosh, and Jaffe. Most of the specimens were collected by men working for O.C. Marsh between 1877 and 1889, although some were collected by the Hubbel brothers for E.D. Cope between 1879 and 1880. The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) excavated in 1897 -1898, finding two partial skeletons of sauropods. A summary of the quarries and their contents is given below.</p><br>
<p>In later years, the American Museum of Natural History and Yale University jointly reopened Quarry 9, the Mammal Quarry, 1968–1970, finding only a few specimens. More recently, Robert Bakker has done some collecting there with a variety of groups.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the major significance of dinosaur discoveries at Como Bluff, the site has also been the source of significant early mammal fossils. In early 1878, Marsh was ecstatic to find that one of his men had uncovered a fossil from a Jurassic mammal. Within a year, the historic Quarry 9 at Como was discovered, producing an astounding 250 specimens, which increased the knowledge of Jurassic mammals exponentially.</p><br>
<h2>Como Bluff historical quarries (pre-1900)</h2><br>
<p>Data source:.</p><br>
<p>(h)=holotype</p><br>
<h3>AMNH Quarries</h3><br>
<p>Excavated by the American Museum of Natural History</p><br>
<h4>AMNH Quarry 1</h4><br>
<h4>AMNH Quarry 2</h4><br>
<h4>AMNH localities unknown</h4><br>
<p>(some could be from Quarry 1 or 2)</p><br>
<h3>Frederick Brown&#39;s Quarries</h3><br>
<h4>Brown&#39;s Quarry A</h4><br>
<h4>Brown&#39;s Quarry B</h4><br>
<h4>Brown&#39;s Quarry C</h4><br>
<h4>Brown&#39;s Quarry D</h4><br>
<h4>Brown&#39;s Quarry G</h4><br>
<h3>Arthur Lakes Quarry 1A. (Big Canyon Quarry)</h3><br>
<p>Excavated by Arthur Lakes.</p><br>
<h3>E.D. Cope&#39;s Quarries</h3><br>
<p>Excavated by Edward Drinker Cope</p><br>
<h4>Cope&#39;s Quarry 3</h4><br>
<h4>Cope&#39;s Quarry 4</h4><br>
<h4>Cope&#39;s Quarry 5</h4><br>
<h4>Cope&#39;s localities unknown</h4><br>
<p>(could be from Quarry 1, 2)</p><br>
<h3>William Harlow Reed&#39;s Quarries</h3><br>
<p>Excavated by William Harlow Reed.</p><br>
<h4>Reed&#39;s Quarry 1</h4><br>
<h4>Reed&#39;s Quarry 1 ½</h4><br>
<h4>Reed&#39;s Quarry 2</h4><br>
<h4>Reed&#39;s Quarry 3</h4><br>
<h4>Reed&#39;s Quarry 4</h4><br>
<h4>Reed&#39;s Quarry 5</h4><br>
<h4>Reed&#39;s Quarry 6</h4><br>
<h4>Reed&#39;s Quarry 7 (Three Trees Quarry)</h4><br>
<h4>Reed&#39;s Quarry 8</h4><br>
<h4>Reed&#39;s Quarry 9 (Mammal Quarry)</h4><br>
<h4>Reed&#39;s Quarry 10</h4><br>
<h4>Reed&#39;s Quarry 11</h4><br>
<h4>Reeds Quarry 12 (Robbers Roost Quarry)</h4><br>
<h4>Reed&#39;s Quarry 13</h4><br>
<h4>Reed Quarry 14</h4><br>
<p>The Jackson Ferry Shot Tower is a 75 ft tall tower used for manufacturing lead shot located in Wythe County, Virginia and now adjacent to the New River Trail State Park, a lineal rail trail park connecting the historic towns of Pulaski and Galax, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>As one of the few remaining shot towers in the United States, the Jackson Ferry tower was constructed by Thomas Jackson and is the centerpiece of the Shot Tower Historical State Park. Construction began on the tower shortly after the American Revolutionary War and was completed in 1807. The tower was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 1, 1969.</p><br>
<h2>Manufacturing process</h2><br>
<p>Shot towers or shot factories were designed and constructed to manufacture lead shot for firearms. At the top of the tower a firewood furnace melted lead with arsenic, which was poured through a sieve; forming drops of lead corresponding to the size of the sieve. The lead droplets would then fall 150 feet to become spherical and cool sufficiently to become rigid. At the bottom of the tower was large kettle of water for the shot to land in, in order to complete the cooling process and provide a soft enough landing to keep it from deforming. The finished shot was then marketed to hunters, traders and merchants.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Wythe County Shot Tower is unique for several reasons. Unlike most other shot towers, which were constructed of brick, this shot tower was built of limestone. The 2.5-foot-thick solid stone walls not only made the structure stronger, but kept its interior temperature cooler and more consistent, improving the quality of the shot it produced. Designers also used the local terrain to reduce the height of the tower by building the tower on the edge of a cliff and digging a 75-foot vertical shaft to accomplish the 150-foot vertical constraint. Access to the bottom of the shaft was made by a horizontal adit that opened up near the shore of the New River.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>There have been claims that the Jackson Ferry Shot Tower predates the recognized year of 1807, and that Moses Austin & his brother, Stephen Austin (not to be confused with Moses&#39;s son, Stephen F. Austin, "Father of Texas") were producing drop shot in Wythe County prior to 1800 at the Jackson Ferry Shot Tower.</p><br>
<p>Those who hold this view reference newspapers of the era; however, the newspapers identify factories in cities such as Lynchburg and Richmond, VA, both located on the James River in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and likely don&#39;t relate to what would be the Jackson Ferry Shot Tower, located on the New River in the Ohio River watershed. Letters from the time also very explicitly identify Richmond as the location of the factories. The confusion likely stems from Moses Austin & Co. owning the Austinville lead mines, near where they would build the shot factory in Jackson Ferry.</p><br>
